Bones

Question 1

Hyoid

Answer 1

an irregular horseshoe like bone suspended from the tips of the styloid processes of the temporal bone by ligaments. (located anterior neck inferior to mandible)

Question 2

Cranium

Answer 2

refers to all the bones in the skull, without the mandible.Divided into two parts, neurocranium for the brain, and splanchnocranium/viscerocranium for the face.

Question 3

Neurocranium (8)

Answer 3

Paired: Parietal, Temporal
Unpaired: Frontal, Occipital, Sphenoid, Ethmoid

Question 4

Splanchnocranium/Viscerocranium (14)

Answer 4

Paired: Maxilla, Zygomatic,, /nasal, Lacrimal, Palatine, Inferior nasal concha
Unpaired: Mandible, Vomer

Question 5

Sutures

Answer 5

Coronal, sagittal, lambdoid

Question 6

Mandible (4)

Answer 6

Head of condylar process, coronoid process, ramus, body

Question 7

Mastoid process

Answer 7

“ear boob” located posterior to the external acoustic meatus, styloid process. Body landmark to reference when locating transverse processes of cervical vertebrae

Question 8

Maxilla (4)

Answer 8

Lacrimal bone (eye socket), nasal bone (nose bridge), infraorbital foramen (cheek bone hole), alveolar process (upper lip area)

Question 9

Typical vertebra (structural parts)

Answer 9

body, vertebral arch, articular processes, transverse processes, spinous process, pedicles, laminae, superior/inferior vertebral notch, vertebral foramen, intervertebral foramen

Question 10

Vertebral column (breakdown)

Answer 10

Cervical: C1-C7 Atlas (C1) Axis (C2)
Thoracic: T1-T12
Lumbar: L1-L5
Sacrum: Fused S1-G5
Coccyx

Question 11

Cervical vertebrae

Answer 11

C1 (Atlas) C2 (Axis) C3-C7

Common features: small body, transverse foramen in transverse process, bifurcated spinous process

Question 12

Atlas + Axis special features

Answer 12

Atlas: no body, lacks laminae and pedicles, HAS anterior and posterior arches. Lateral mass on either side, on superior/inferior of lateral mass there is articular surface for occipital condyles, and axis. Posterior surface of anterior arch has articular surface for the odontoid process of axis.
Axis: large odontoid process (dens axis) which is attached to superior surface of body. Process acts as a pivot (axis) and permits the rotation of the atlas on axis bone. (looks like meditating person)

Question 13

Typical thoracic vertebrae

Answer 13

is concave forward and made up of 12 vertebrae together with their intervertebral discs. Have costal facets where ribs articulate (demi/semi/hemi), and on the transverse processes (transverse costal facet) for articulation with the tubercles of the ribs (T11 T12 have no facets on transverse processes)

Question 14

Atypical thoracic vertebrae

Answer 14

T1- has an entire articular facet for the head of the first rib, semi facet for the upper half of the second rib.
T9- may have no semi facet below, only on the upper half
T10- full facets for 10th rib
T11+T12- full facets for 11+12th ribs, no facets on transverse processes

Question 15

Lumbar vertebrae

Answer 15

convex anteriorly, body is kidney shaped, pedicles are strong, laminae are thick, transverse processes are long and slender, mammillary process is found at the posterior margin of the superior articular processes, the accessory process found on the posterior border of the transverse processes.
No facets or foramina in transverse processes

Question 16

Fetal and adult vertebral curves

Answer 16

Fetus-one

Adult-four

Question 17

Typical rib

Answer 17

long, twisted, flat bone with superior and inferior border (overhangs and forms costal groove, which accommodates intercostal vessels and nerve). Consists of : head, neck, tubercle, shaft, angle
Head has 2 semi facets, for articulation of ribs, as well as articular facets for transverse process of vertebra

Question 18

Atypical rib

Answer 18

First rib- flat horizontally, tubercle on inner border “scalene tubercle” for insertion of the anterior scalene muscle. No angle, no costal groove, head has only one articular surface for T1.
Second rib- body is oriented in a plane between sagittal and horizontal planes, lacks costal groove.
10th- only has single articular facet on head
11th+12th- single articular fact on head, no neck no tubercle, 11 has slight angle and costal groove, 12 does not have them.

Question 19

Sternum

Answer 19

Flat bone divided into 3 parts: manubrium, body, xiphoid process.
Sterna angle (angle of louis): angle formed by junction of manubrium and body and forms cartilaginous joint, also called manubriosternal joint. Palpable, approximately level with 2nd pair of costal cartilages and between T4 and T5.

Question 20

Rib cage

Answer 20

twelve pairs, R1-R7 true ribs with own costal cartilages, R8-R10 false ribs cartilages merge, R11-R12 free ribs no cartilages.

Question 21

Sacrum and Coccyx

Answer 21

Sacrum: Spinous/articular/transverse processes fused to form a boney ridge called “sacral crests”. 4 pairs of sacral foramina. First sacral vertebra has 2 triangular flat surfaces called “sacral ala”
Coccyx: four vertebrae fused together articulated at teh apex of the sacrum

Question 22

Hip (coxal) bone

Answer 22

3 Parts: ilium, ischium, pubis