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Kinesiology > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

what are bones

A

dynamic tissue that can adapt to stresses and can repair itself
-living tissues supplied with blood and nerves
-super low weight + high strength/durability

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2
Q

Major components of bones

A

inorganic salt ( mostly ca carbonate and tricalcium phosphate)
collagen (25%)
h2o (25%)

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3
Q

calcium in bones

A

bones contains 99% of the body’s Ca
helps with stiffness and resistance to stresd

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4
Q

collagen in bones

A

give flexibility

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5
Q

joints

A

where two or more bones meet
-called articulation
-most are bound together by ligaments (dense connective tissue)

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6
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of long bone
-made up of compact bone + hollow central cavity
-compact bones accounts for 80% of bone mass

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7
Q

structure of bone

A

diaphysis, epiphysis metaphysis, periosteum, articular cartilage and marrow cavity

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8
Q

epiphyses

A

-both ends of a long bone
-large SA for muscle attachment
-consists of spongy bone

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9
Q

metaphysis

A

-region between diaphysis + epiphysis
-a growing bone
-has epiphyseal plate + band of hyaline cartilage

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10
Q

periosteum(pear-ee-o-st-um)

A

-covers the shaft of the bone
-used for muscle, tendon and ligament attachment
-inner layer contains osteoblasts+ blood vessels

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11
Q

articular cartilage

A

-a thin layer of hyaline cartilage cover the articular surfaces
reduces friction at free moving joint
-cushion jars + blows by absorbing shock
no blood=no grow

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12
Q

marrow cavity

A

-runs the length of diaphysis (hollowed out section)
-contains red blood marrow + mostly yellow marrow

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13
Q

endosteum

A

membrane that lines the marrow cavity
-composed of cells that become active osteoblasts as needed

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14
Q

bone marrow

A

-flexible tissue found in the bone’s interior
-contains numerous blood vessels + capillaries
-at birth, all bone marrow is red, with age more converts to yellow marrow
-50% of adult marrow is red

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15
Q

red marrow

A

-found mainly in flat bones
-found in proximal epiphyses of long bones
-contains hemoatopoietic stem cells (makes 3 types of blood cells)

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16
Q

yellow marrow

A

-found in the marrow cavity of long bones
-composed of mostly adipose tissues (fat cells)

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17
Q

what happens when you lose alot of blood or chronic hypoxia

A

body turns yellow to red marrow to increase blood cell production

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18
Q

cancer (leukemia)

A

-group of cancer affecting blood forming tissues
-abnormally high # of WBC that are immature and disfunctional
-affect immune system

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19
Q

how is leukemia diagnosed

A

biopsy + aspiration of marrow
-occurs at iliac crest

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20
Q

bone growth

A

-fetus starts with no bones
in 3rd month of embroyonic development, ossification starts

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21
Q

fontanels

A

early childhood, gaps of flexible tissues between cranical bones
-deformation of cranium for going through mom’s vagina
-during infancy, allows for cranial stretching as brain grows rapidly
-finishes by 2 years (immoveable bones)

22
Q

craniosynostosis

A

condition when fontanels close early, impaired brain growth + misshapen skull

23
Q

4 types of bone cells

A

osteoprogenitor cells
osteblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

24
Q

osteoprogenitor cells

A

come from hematopoitac stem cells found in red marrow + mitosis

25
Q

osteblasts

A

bones forming cells

26
Q

osteocytes

A

-mature bone cells/osteoblasts
-maintains bone tissues

27
Q

osteoclasts

A

-bone destroying cells
-on surface of bone
-breaks down + resorption bones

28
Q

role of calcium

A

-important for bone graowth, strength, maintenance of hormones levels, blood clot formation

29
Q

hypercalcemia

A

Ca2+ too much
-bone weakness/kidney failure
-Ca blood to bone

30
Q

hypocalcemia

A

-seziures + muscle spasms+ osteoporsis
-breaks from Ca from bone into blood
-must be consumed

31
Q

Factors affecting bone development

A

nutrition, hormones and physical excerise

32
Q

vitamin nutrition on bone development

A

vitamin D needed for absorbing Ca
-vit D made in skin cell when exposed to UV

Vit C needed for maintenance for bone matrix to form collagen + absorb Ca

33
Q

rickets and osteomalacia

A

vita d deficiency, soft bones

34
Q

human growth hormone

A

too little-long bones fail to grow (pituitary dwarfizume
too much- grows taller/heavier
-pituitary gigantism

35
Q

testosterone and estrogen

A

-growth spurt in teens
-causes diff in sex skeletons
-helps close epiphyseal plates

36
Q

effect of exercise on bones

A

-responds to exercise (thicker/stronger) caused by stress
-inactivity can decrease bone denisty+mass and strength
-1 month of bones being immobilized, bones decalcified by 30%

37
Q

bone remodeling

A

-creating new bone tissues/getting rid of old
-replace bones more often at sites where there is more stress
-baby first year, their skeleton is replace with new bone tissues
-10-15% of skeleton is replace each year
-35y, bone mass decreases

38
Q

osteoporosis

A

-porous bones
-decrease in bone mass
-12th leading cause of death in US

39
Q

closed reduction

A

bone fracture can be reposition without surgery

40
Q

open reduction

A

fracture must be exposed by surgery before it is rejoined

41
Q

phases of repair

A

1-inflammation
2-soft callus
3-hard callus
4-remodeling

42
Q

bone fracture

A

caused by impact, compression or repeated stress
-repair can take 6-20 weeks

43
Q

partial fracture

A

breaks across bone is incomplete

44
Q

complete fracture

A

breaks in 2 or more pieces

45
Q

closed/simple fracture

A

bone doesn’t break through skin

46
Q

open/compound fracture

A

bone sticks out of skin
-risk of blood loss and infection

47
Q

greenstick fracture

A

partial fracture, where 1 side breaks other bent

48
Q

stress fracture

A

microscopic fracture from repeated stress

49
Q

comminuted fracture

A

bone splintered/shattered

50
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

-longitudinal growth
-when all cartilage is replaced, bones can’t grow longitudinal and then referred as an epiphyseal line

51
Q

tendon vs ligament

A

t-bone-muscle
l-bone-bone

52
Q

After age 30-40, how much does bone density decrease per decade?

A

5-10%

Kinesiology (7 decks)

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