Bones Flashcards
1
Q
Functions of Bone
A
- Structure
- Assist Movement
- Protection
- Blood cell production
- Mineral Storage
- Energy Storage
2
Q
Classification of Bones
A
- Long
- Short
- Flat
- Irregular
- Sesamoid
3
Q
Long Bone
A
- Hard, dense bones that provide strength, structure, and mobility
- Longer than wide
- Most bones of the appendicular skeleton
4
Q
Short Bone
A
- As wide as they are long
- Primary function is to provide support and stability with little to no movement
- Carpals and tarsals (that all?)
5
Q
Flat Bone
A
- Principal function is either extensive protection or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment
- Parietal, frontal, occipital, ribs, sternum (that all?)
6
Q
Irregular Bone
A
- Bones that don’t fit into the other categories
- Ethmoid, sphenoid, vertebrae, pelvic bones (that all?)
7
Q
Sesamoid Bone
A
- Bone embedded in a tendon
- Patella, pisiform, big toe, thumb (that all?)
8
Q
Diaphysis
A
- Shaft of long bone
- Outer surface is lined by periosteum
- Lined by the endosteum on the inside
9
Q
Epiphysis
A
- Articulating ends of long bone
- Outer surface is cortical (compact or lamellar) bone
- Inner surface is spongy (cancellous or trabecular) bone
10
Q
Metaphysis
A
- Portion between the shaft and the wide parts of the ends
- Corresponds to the area of the epiphyseal line in ossified bone
11
Q
Epiphyseal Plate
A
- Responsible for longitudinal growth
- A hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone
- Plate is found in children and adolescents
- The plate is replaced by an epiphyseal line in adults
- Usually closes by 25th year
12
Q
Periosteum
A
- Lines the outer surface of the diaphysis, except the articular surface, points of ligament/tendon insertion, and surface of sesamoid bones
- Made up of 2 layers:
- Inner reproductive layer (stratum osteogeneticum)
- Outer fibrous layer (stratum fibrosum)
13
Q
Functions of the Periosteum
A
- Nutrition: ?
- Protection: ?
- Growth: responsible for diametric growth and critical for callus formation after a fracture
14
Q
Osteon
A
The basic unit of structure in compact bone
15
Q
Structure of an Osteon
A
- Lamellae
- Central (Haversian) canal
- Perforating canals
- Lacuna
- Canaliculi
16
Q
Lamella
A
- Concentric rings that runs parallel to the long axis of the bone
17
Q
Central (Haversian) Canal
A
- Runs through the core of osteon, parallel to long axis of the bone
- Contains nerves, arterioles, and venules
18
Q
Perforating Canal
A
- Connects the central canals
- Contains nerves, arterioles, and venules?
19
Q
Lacuna
A
?
- The space withing lamella that contains osteocytes (mature bone cells)
20
Q
Canaliculi
A
- Tiny canals which interconnect lacunae
- They provide a pathway for nutrients to diffuse from the central canal to osteocytes within their own osteon
21
Q
Osteoblast
A
Young bone-forming cells that cause the hard extracellular matrix of bone to develop
22
Q
Osteocyte
A
Mature bone cells that maintain the structure of bone
23
Q
Osteoclasts
A
Bone-dissolving cells
24
Q
Compact Bone
A
- AKA cortical or lamellar bone
- Hard, dense bone
- Made up of the Haversian system, in concentric layers
- Forms the surface of all bones
- Forms the shaft of long bones
25
Spongy Bone
- AKA cancellous or trabecular bone
- Lamellae are not arranged in concentric layers
Lamellae are arrange in lines that correspond with the lines of maximal stress
- Contains red bone marrow, responsible for red blood cell production
26
Fontanels
- 6 fibrous membranes that form the "soft spots" on a babies skull
- Allows the skull to deform during birth
27
Anterior (Frontal) Fontanel
- Between the 2 parietal bones
| - Largest and last to close (18-24 months)
28
Posterior (Occipital) Fontanel
- Between the 2 parietal and occipital bone
| - Closes in about 2 months
29
Anterolateral (Sphenoidal) Fontanel
Usually closes by about 3 months
30
Posterolateral (Mastoid) Fontanel
Usually closes by about 12 months
31
Bones of the Orbit
7 bones:
- Sphenoid
- Lacrimal
- Zygomatic
- Frontal
- Maxilla
- Palatine
- Ethmoid
32
Angle of Inclination
- The angle formed between the femoral neck and femoral shaft in the frontal plane
- Normal: ~ 125 degrees in an adult, ~ 120 in elderly
33
Coxa Varum
Angle of Inclination of < 120 degrees
34
Coxa Valgum
Angle of Inclination of > 135 degrees
35
Angle of Torsion
- The angle formed between the femoral neck and femoral shaft in the transverse plane
- Normal: ~ 15 degrees in adults
- Head and neck of femur rotate outward from shaft of femur
36
Femoral Anteversion
- Torsion angle > 15 degrees
- Possible cause of pigeon toe
- Also causes winking patella
37
Femoral Retroversion
- Torsion angle < 15 degrees
| - Possible cause of duck walk
