Bones Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
What is added to the ground substance of bones to make it stiff?
A
calcium phosphate
(combines with calcium hydroxide to make hydroxyapatite or HA)
2
Q
What does parathyroid hormone do?
A
- Stimulates osteoclasts
- Stimulates kidneys to keep more calcium
- Stimulates intestines to absorb more calcium
3
Q
Name the joint: Annular ligament
A
Elbow
4
Q
Type of motion where a joint “straightens out” and goes a little extra
A
hyperextension
5
Q
Name the joint: Coracohumeral ligament
A
Shoulder
6
Q
What does Thyroxine do?
A
With growth hormone, stimulates osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix
7
Q
Where do blood vessels enter the bone?
A
nutrient foramen
8
Q
Name the ligament: Glenohumeral ligament
A
Shoulder
9
Q
What percentage (by weight) of bone is calcium phosphate?
A
66%
10
Q
What type of joint is the hip?
A
triaxial synovial diarthrosis
11
Q
How do sex hormones affect bones?
A
Both estrogens and androgens stimulate osteoblast activity and bone matrix syntheses.
Estrogen stimulates the closure of epiphyseal plates earlier than androgens.
12
Q
Label things
A
13
Q
Pericardium layers
A
Outer layer of fibrious connective tissue
Inner layer of condrablasts
14
Q
Name the joint: Interspinous ligament
A
Spine
15
Q
Type of growth where long bones get longer
A
endochondral growth
16
Q
What type of movement?
A
dorsiflexion
17
Q
What type of movement?
A
Opposition
18
Q
Name the joint: Coracoclavicular ligament
A
shoulder
19
Q
Red bone marrow
A
makes blood
(in adults mostly in flalt / irregular bones)
20
Q
like an elongated bursa around a tendon
A
tendon sheath
21
Q
Name the joint: Tibial collateral ligament
A
Knee
22
Q
epiphysis
A
head of a bone
23
Q
Name the joint: Pubofemoral ligament
A
Hip
24
Q
Name the joint: Supraspinous ligament
A
Spine
25
How does growth hormone bones?
Stimulates osteoblasts to and the synthesis of bone matrix
26
interstitial growth of cartilage
Existing condracytes in lacunae divide and get bigger
27
What type of motion is this?
plantar flexion
28
Type of motion where the joint moves into the "closed" position
Flexion
29
Type of growth where bones increase in diameter
Appositional growth
30
circumferential lamalle
31
What percentage (by weight) of bone is cells?
2%
32
What type of movement is this?
Lateral flexion of the neck
33
What kind of shoulder motion is a softball pitch?
Circumduction
34
What type of movement?
supination
35
Yellow bone marrow
fat storage
36
Which gland releases parathiroid hormone?
Parathiroid gland
37
An amphiarthrosis joined by fibrocartilages
symphysis
38
Where would you find a synchondrosis?
pre-fused epiphisyl plate, sternocostal joints
39
Type of joint with a little movement
Amphiarthrosis
40
Which hormone causes the kidneys to discard *less* calcium?
parathiroid hormone
41
Large canal down the center of long bones
medullary cavity
42
Which gland releases Thyroxine?
Thiroid (follicle cells)
43
Small, synovial fluid filled pockets reducing friction for tendons or ligaments
bursae
44
Name the joint: Transverse acetabular ligament
hip
45
Functions of the skeletal system
1. Make blood cells
2. Storage (minerals and lipids - mostly calcium)
3. Support
4. Protect soft organs
5. Leverage for movement
46
What are the functions of muscles?
1. support soft tissue
2. movement
3. posture
4. maintain temperature
5. entry / exit
47
What does calcitriol do?
Promotes calcium and phposphate ion absorption along the digestive tract
48
Rotation away from the midline
Lateral rotation
49
Which hormone is released when blood calcium is too **high?**
Calcitonin
50
What do osteoclasts do?
break down bone
51
Types of bones
1. long bones
2. short bones
3. flat bones
4. irregular bones
5. sesamoid bones
6. sutural bones
52
Name the joint: Acromioclavicular ligament
shoulder
53
Name the joint: Ischiofemoral ligament
Hip
54
Type of motion where a joint "straightenes out"
extention
55
Rotation towards the midline
Medial Rotation
56
hydroxyapatite
Main inorganic part of bone tissue
strong but brittle
calcium phosphate + calcium hydroxide
57
Where would you find a syndesmosis?
Between the distal tibia and fibula
58
diaphysis
long part of a bone
59
interstitial lamalle
60
Which hormones cause the digestive tract to absorb more calcium?
calcitriol and parathyroid hormone
61
Which gland releases calcitriol?
Kidneys
62
Where would you find a synostosis?
Along the epiphisyl line - fused bones
63
Type of joint with no movement
Synarthrosis
64
Which gland releases growth hormone?
pituitary gland
65
Which hormone is released when blood calcium is too **low?**
Parathiroid hormone
66
Which hormone stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone?
parathyroid hormone
67
What type of movement is this?
Adduction
68
What are the primary functions of synovial fluid?
1. Lubrication
2. Shock absorption
3. Nutrient circulation / waste removal for condracytes
69
Name the ligament: Radial collateral ligament
Elbow
70
What kind of ligament is found in a gomphosis joint?
periodontal
71
Name the joint: Ulnar collateral ligament
Elbow
72
What are the specialized cells of bone tissue?
* osteogenic cell
* osteoblast
* osteocyte
* osteoclast
73
Which protein adds flexibility to bone tissue?
collagen
74
amphiarthroses connected by ligaments
syndesmoses
75
Name the joint: Tendon of supraspinatus muscle
Shoulder
76
What does calcitonin do?
* Inhibits osteoclasts
* Simulates osteoblasts
* Stimulates the kidneys to discard more calcium
77
cartilage disk dividing synovial cavity into two
Articular cartilage
78
79
What are the tiny canals that let osteoblasts communicate from their lacunae?
lanaliculi
80
What do osteocytes do
Detect mechanical stress on the bone and trigger remodeling
81
Where would you find a ball and socket joint
shoulder, hip
82
What's in the middle of an ostson?
A *Haversian Canal* with artery, vein, and nerves,
and lined with endosteum
83
Name the joint: coracoacromial ligament
shoulder
84
Which hormone *inhibits* osteoclast activity?
calcitonin
85
Give an example of a saddle joint
first carpometacarpal joint (thumb-trapezium)
sternoclavicular joint
86
Name the joint: Posterior longitudinal ligament
Spine
87
Type of joint between two skull bones
suture
88
Which cells are stuck in lacunae?
Osteocyte
89
What is the endosteum made of?
osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts
90
Name the joint: Lliofemoral ligament
Hip
91
Which cells create bone matrix?
Osteoblasts
92
Name the joint: Ligamentum flavum
Spine
93
perferating canal
94
Where would you find a symphysis joint?
Between the two pubic bones (pubic symphysis)
Between the vertebrae (intervertebral disk)
Between manubrium and sternal body
95
Which gland releases calcitonin
Thiroid gland (C cells or parafallicular cells)
96
metaphysis
Between epiphysis and diaphysis. Contains growth plate. Ossified after childhood.
97
Name the joint: Anterior longitudinal ligament
Spine
98
Type of joint with free movement
Diarthrosis
99
What do osteoblasts do?
Secrete unmineralized bone matrix and collagin
Also plays a role in bone mineralization
100
What type of movement is this?
abduction
101
What's the big cell?
osteoclast
102
separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis
metaphysis
103
What type of movement is smiling?
What type of movement is duckfaced?
Smiling = retraction
Duckface = protraction
104
Name the different types of Synarthrosis
1. Suture
2. Gomphosis
3. Synchondrosis
4. Synostosis
105
What type of movement?
pronation
106
What type of movement is opening and closing your mouth?
Open = depression
Close = Elevation
107
Structural unit of compact bone
osteons
108
What kind of joint
gomphosis (a kind of synarthrosis)
109
What percentage (by weight) of boen is collagen?
32%
110
What are the layers of the periosteum?
Outside layer: dense irregular connective tissue
Inside layer: osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts
(also contains lots of nerve endings and blood vessels)
111
Name the joint: Posterior or Anterior cruciate ligament
Knee
112
What is this structure in spongy bone called?
trabeculae
113
Which hormone causes the kidneys to discard *more* calcium?
calcitonin
