Bones And Joints

Question 1

What are the 7 classifications of bones?

Answer 1

Sutures Bones
Pneumatized bones
Flat Bones
Irregular Bones
Short Bones
Long Bones
Sesamoid Bones

Question 2

Where do the Axial and Appendicular Skeleton attach to each other?

Answer 2

The Pectoral girdle and pelvic Girdle

Question 3

What does a “Process” mean in bone markings?

Answer 3

Any projection or bump on the bone

Question 4

What is a “Ramus” on the bone?

Answer 4

An extension of a bone making an angle to the rest of the structure

Question 5

What is a Sinus or Antrum in a bone?

Answer 5

Sinus or antrum’s are chambers within a bone which are normally filled with air

Question 6

What is a Meatus or Canal in a bone?

Answer 6

A passageway through the substance of a bone

Question 7

What is a Fissure in a bone?

Answer 7

An elongated cleft
(A cleft is a gap or split on the structure of a body)

Question 8

What is a “Foramen” in a bone?

Answer 8

A rounded passageway for blood vessels and/or nerves

Question 9

What do joints do and how are they held together?

Answer 9

Joints help permit movement and are connections between the bones, they are usually held together through cartilage, fluid or dense connective tissue

Question 10

What is Synarthroses?

Answer 10

Synarthroses are Immovable joints

Question 11

What are the three types of Synarthrosis joints

Answer 11

Fibrous, Cartilaginous and “Bony Fusion”

Question 12

What is a “Fibrous” Joint?

Answer 12

Fibrous joints are joints that have dense fibrous tissue that bind the bones and anatomical structure together
(Ex: Sutures in the skull and Gomphosis in the teeth)

Question 13

Give an example of a cartilaginous and bony fusion joint.

Answer 13

Synchondrosis, is a joint in which hyaline cartilage is used to connect the structures together (cartilaginous)

Synostosis is an example of bony fusion as it is when two bones fuse together to form a single bone
(Bony Fusion)

Question 14

Define Amphiarthrotic joints

Answer 14

Joints that are “In-Between”, and allow slight movement in the joint

Question 15

What is Syndesmosis?

Answer 15

Syndesmosis is when bones are connected by long connective tissue ligaments
(Syndesmosis is also an example of an amphoarthrotic joint)

Question 16

What is Symphysis?

Answer 16

Symphysis is where bones are connected through cartilage.
(Symphysis is also an example of an amphiarthrotic joint)

Question 17

Define Diarthrotic joints

Answer 17

Diarthrotic joints are joints that allow free movement.

Question 18

Where are synovial joints found and what are the 6 characteristics of them?

Answer 18

Synovial joints are found at the end of long bones in the upper & lower limbs.
The six characteristics are
1. A joint capsule
2. Articulate cartilages
3. A joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
4. A Synovial membrane lining the joint capsule
5. Accessory structures
6. Sensory nerves and blood vessels

Question 19

Define “Bursae” in a synovial joint

Answer 19

Bursae are sacs of synovial fluid which cushion the joint.
They are usually found between muscles or where tendon crosses bone

Question 20

Define what the “Tendon Sheath” does in a synovial joint

Answer 20

Tendon Sheaths are Modified bursae which surround and lubricate tendons
(Tendon Sheaths are sort of long rods that surround tendons)

Question 21

What are the three functions of synovial fluids?

Answer 21

1. It lubricates the surfaces of the articular cartilages near the end of bones (reduces friction)
2. Acts as a shock absorber
3. Nourishes chondrcytes by entering and exiting articular cartilages due to forces acting on the joint.

Question 22

What are the 6 types of anatomical joints?

Answer 22

1. Plane joints
2. Hinge Joints
3. Pivot Joints
4. Condylar joints
5. Saddle Joints
6. Ball and Socket joints

Question 23

Define Flexion and Extension

Answer 23

Flexion is decreasing the angle from the joint, while extension increases the angle

Question 24

Describe the “Plane” Joints movement and is it Non-axial, uniaxial, biaxial, or triaxial

Answer 24

The plane joint allows movement from side-to-side and back-and-forth movements, while also being a non-axial joint

Question 25

Describe the “hinge” Joints movement and is it Non-axial, uniaxial, biaxial, or triaxial

Answer 25

Hinge joints allow movement along one plane of the body and is a uniaxial joint. However, it only enables uniaxial flexion and extension

Question 26

Describe the “Pivot” Joints movement and is it Non-axial, uniaxial, biaxial, or triaxial

Answer 26

Pivot joints allow the rotation along one axis about the central axis of the body. It is also a uniaxial joint however as stated before, for rotational movements.

Question 27

Describe the “Condyloid” Joints movement and is it Non-axial, uniaxial, biaxial, or triaxial

Answer 27

Condyloid joints allow movement along two planes of the body. Allowing flexion/extension and abduction/abduction. Condyloid are also biaxial joints

Question 28

Describe the “Saddle” Joints movement and is it Non-axial, uniaxial, biaxial, or triaxial

Answer 28

Saddle joints are a modified Condyloid joint, and also allows biaxial movement. However, saddle joints allow circumduction and has more range of motion that a Condyloid joint

Question 29

Describe the “Ball & Socket” Joint movement and is it Non-axial, uniaxial, biaxial, or triaxial

Answer 29

Ball and socket joints are a triaxial joint that provides movement in three planes. It provides the most range of motion among all the joints.

Question 30

Define Plantar flexion

Answer 30

Plantar flexion is when the angle between the sole of the foot and back of the leg decreases. (Planting your toe into the ground)

Question 31

Define Dorsiflexion

Answer 31

Dorsiflexion is the “Going up” of the foot decreasing the angle of the “Dorsum” and the shin

Question 32

Define “Circumduction”

Answer 32

Circumduction is the “Making of a cone” or circle that combines multiple movements along multiple planes. However, for it to be circumduction there only needs to be movement in 2 planes. (Allowed by biaxial and triaxial joints)

Question 33

What is Protraction and Retraction?

Answer 33

Protraction is the pushing forward of a body part away from the body, while retraction is backwards movement of a body part

Question 34

Does inversion and eversion only refer to the ankle joint?

Answer 34

Yes, inversion and eversion are specific to the ankle join, and describe the way the sole of the foot turns relative to the midline of the body. (Eversion turning away from midline, inversion sole towards midline)

Question 35

What are the primary purposes of skeletal muscles?

Answer 35

1. Produce skeletal movement 2. Maintain posture and body position 3. Support soft tissues 4. Regulate entering and exiting of Material 5. Maintain body temperature

Question 36

What are the “Origin” and “Insertion” of muscles and what do they describe?

Answer 36

They describe the points where the muscle attaches on bones. However, the origin is a fixed attachment point and remains stationary while insertion is the attachment point that moves the muscle during contractions

Question 37

Describe “Agonist”, “Synergists” and “Antagonists” in relation to muscles

Answer 37

Agonists are the main muscle used in a movement Synergists assist the agonist in the movement action Anatgonists are muscles oppose the action of movement

Question 38

Name the 4 types of skeletal muscle fibres along with their respective subsections

Answer 38

1. Parallel muscles, can be split into “Parralel muscle”, “Parallel muscle with tendinous bands” and “Wrapping Muscle” 2. Convergent muscles 3. Pennate muscles, can be split into “Unipennate muscle”, “Bipennate muscle”, and “Multipennate muscle” 4. Circular muscles