Bones and joints

Question 1

What is the axial skeleton made up of

Answer 1

Bones of the head, neck and trunk

Question 2

What is the appendicular skeleton made up of

Answer 2

Bones of the limbs, pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle

Question 3

What are the parts of a long bone from head to bottom

Answer 3

Proximal epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis, distal epiphysis

Question 4

What does the proximal epiphysis contain

Answer 4

articular cartilage, epiphyseal line, spongey bone

Question 5

What is inside the bone matrix

Answer 5

water, collagen, crystallised mineral salts

Question 6

What is the function of collagen fibres

Answer 6

flexibility and tensile strength

Question 7

what is the function of crystallised mineral salts

Answer 7

hardness and compressive strength

Question 8

what are the 4 types of bone cells

Answer 8

osteogenic cells. osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts

Question 9

what are osteogenic cells

Answer 9

unspecialised bone stem cells

Question 10

what are osteoblasts

Answer 10

bone-building cells

Question 11

what are osteocytes

Answer 11

mature bone cells

Question 12

what are osteoclasts

Answer 12

bone matrix breaking down cells

Question 13

what are the features of compact bone

Answer 13

Repeating units of osteons encapsulated by the periosteum and an inner osteogenic layer

Question 14

what are the features of spongey bone (trabeculae)

Answer 14

bone marrow fills the spaces of spongey bone and the medullary cavity of long bone

Question 15

where is the medullary cavity

Answer 15

metaphysis

Question 16

what is red bone marrow

Answer 16

haemopoietic tissue and is the site of red blood cell production

Question 17

What is yellow bone marrow

Answer 17

fat or adipose tissue, retains the capacity to convert to red marrow particularly after severe blood loss

Question 18

Why do bones require a blood supply

Answer 18

the calcified matrix does not allow diffusion

Question 19

what are the blood vessels in the bone

Answer 19

epiphyseal vessels, metaphyseal vessels, periosteral vessels, nutrient foramen, nutrient vessels

Question 20

What are the two types of bone growth

Answer 20

Interstitial (endogenous) growth and appositional (exogenous growth)

Question 21

what is interstitial growth

Answer 21

involves increase in the number of cells (chondrocytes) by continual mitotic cell division with secretion of matrix material.

Question 22

what is appositional growth

Answer 22

mainly involves the deposition of more matrix material by periosteal chondroblasts with little or no increase in number of cells

Question 23

By what types of growth does cartilage grow in length and thickness

Answer 23

both interstitial and appositional growth

Question 24

how does bone grow in length

Answer 24

interstitial growth

Question 25

how does bone grow in thickness

Answer 25

appositional growth

Question 26

where does growth in length occur

Answer 26

at the metaphyseal surface of an epiphyseal plate

Question 27

where does growth in thickness occur

Answer 27

at the bone surface

Question 28

what does mechanical stress on bone structure induce

Answer 28

increased deposition of bone mineral salts and production of collagen fibres to increase tensile strength of bone. Increased production of calcitonin which inhibits bone resorption and promotes bone formation

Question 29

what does absence of mechanical stress lead to

Answer 29

abnormal bone remodelling because bone resorption outstrips bone formation Bone weakness due to demineralisation and decreased collagen fibres production

Question 30

What happens to bone growth in a young adult

Answer 30

bone deposition equals bone resorption and sex steroids shut down bone growth and bone elongation ceases

Question 31

At middle age what happens to bones

Answer 31

level of sex hormone diminishes and there e is more bone resorption then deposition

Question 32

at old age what happens to bones

Answer 32

increased bone resorption, loss of bone mass, decreased protein synthesis, bone brittleness

Question 33

what is giantism

Answer 33

over secretion of hGH in childhood and lack or under secretion of oestrogen

Question 34

what causes acromegaly (big hands and feet)

Answer 34

over secretion of hGH after close of the bone growth (epiphyseal) plates

Question 35

what causes short stature

Answer 35

under secretion of hGH in childhood

Question 36

what causes osteoporosis

Answer 36

loss of bone mass due to demineralisation through increased bone resorption

Question 37

what causes brittle bones

Answer 37

due to decreased collagen synthesis

Question 38

adult rickets - osteomalacia

Answer 38

lack of vitamin D/calcium or teal dysfunction, poorly mineralised and calcified bones, soft and bending bones

Question 39

rickets (children osteomalacia)

Answer 39

bowed legs, deformities of pelvis and rib cage