Bones and skeletal system

Question 1

metaphysis

Answer 1

the area where the diaphysis meets the epiphysis. It includes the epiphyseal line, a remnant of cartilage from growing bones

Question 2

medullary cavity

Answer 2

Marrow cavity, is the open area within the diaphysis. The adipose tissue inside the cavity stores lipids and forms yellow marrow

Question 3

articular cartilage

Answer 3

covers the epiphysis where joints occur

Question 4

Periosteum

Answer 4

The membrane covering the outside of the diaphysis (and epiphysis where articular cartilage is absent). It contains osteoblasts, osteoclasts, nerve fibers, and blood and lymphatic vessels. Ligaments and tendons attach to the periosteum

Question 5

Endosteum

Answer 5

The membrane that lines the marrow cavity

Question 6

2 different ossification processes

Answer 6

intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification

Question 7

intramembranous ossification

Answer 7

fibrous membrane are replaced by bone tissue
occurs only in certain flat bones
-spongy tissue begins to develop at sites within the membranes called centers of ossification
-Red bone marrow forms within the spongy bone tissue, followed by the formation of compact bone on the outside

Question 8

endochondral ossification

Answer 8

hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone tissue

occurs in most bones of the body. Has a primary or primary and seconadary ossification center

Question 9

Forming a primary ossification center

Answer 9

• hyaline cartilage breaks down, forming a cavity
• a periosteal bud, consisting of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, red marrow, nerves, and blood and lymph vessels, invade the cavity. The osteoblast produce spongy bone tissue
• a medullary cavity forms as osteoclasts break down the newly produced spongy bone tissue. Medullary cavity expands as it follows the spread of the primary ossification center to the ends of the bone
• Compact tissue replaces cartilage on the outside of the bone

Question 10

In long bones, a secondary ossification center form

Answer 10

• forms in the epiphyses
• a perioisteal bud develops like in the shaft
• the spongy bone tissue that subsequently develops is not replaced by the medullary cavity
• articular cartilage is formed from cartilage remaining on the outside of the epiphysis
• epiphyseal plate is formed from cartilage remaining between the expanding primary and secondary ossification centers

Question 11

Bone growth

Answer 11

• elongates as chondrocytes in the cartilage of the epiphyseal plate divide
• produce new cartilage within the epiphyseal plate bordering the epiphysis
• at other end of epiphyseal plate, bordering the diaphysis, older cartilage is broken down by invading osteoclasts and is eventually replaced by the expanding medullary cavity

Question 12

bone remodeling

Answer 12

occurs when bones grow, redistributing bone tissue to maintain the shape and structure of the bone

• in response to new stress applied on bone
• when calcium stored in bones is removed for metabolic processes in other parts of the body and when excess calcium is returned to the bone reservoir
• during the repair of broken bones