Bones And Soft Tissues Flashcards
1
Q
How many bones are in the adult human body?
A
206
2
Q
What are some bones in the axial skeleton?
A
Cranium, vertebra, column and rib cage
3
Q
What is a joint?
A
Where two bones meet
4
Q
What bones are part of the appendicular skeleton?
A
Pectoral girdle, upper limbs and hands and legs
5
Q
What are the five functions of the skeleton? MPMPS
A
Movement Protection of vital organs Mineral storage eg calcium Produce blood cells Support
6
Q
What are the different shapes of bones?
A
Flat, sutured, short, long, irregular, sesamoid
7
Q
What are the four types of bone cells?
A
Osteogenic cell
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
8
Q
What is an osteogenic cell?
A
A bone stem cell found in deep laters of the periosteum
9
Q
What is a osteoblasts?
A
A bone BUILDING cell which is found on the growing portion of the bone
10
Q
What do osteoblasts secrete?
A
Osteoid
11
Q
What do osteoblasts do?
A
Catalyze the mineralization of osteoid
12
Q
What is an osteocytes?
A
A mature bone cell
13
Q
How is an osteocytes formed?
A
When an osteoblasts becomes embedded in its secretions
14
Q
What is an osteoclast?
A
Bone CHOMPING - breaks the bone, dissolve and reabsorb via phagocytosis
15
Q
Where are osteoclasts found?
A
Bone surfaces and the sites of old, injured or unneeded bone
16
Q
What do osteogenic cells differentiate into?
A
Osteoblasts
17
Q
How are osteocytes formed?
A
When osteoblasts get trapped in the calcified matrix
18
Q
How are osteoclasts made?
A
Made from bone marrow - monocytes and macrophages
19
Q
Where are osteocytes found?
A
The lacunae
20
Q
What is the chain order of bone cells?
A
Osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts
21
Q
What are the two types of bone?
A
Woven and lamellar
22
Q
What is the first type of bone to be produced?
A
Woven bone
23
Q
How is immature woven bone made into mature lamellar bone?
A
It is mineralized
24
Q
What are the two types of mature bones?
A
Cortical and cancellous
25
What is the difference between cortical and cancellous mature bine?
Cortical is compact, dense and suitable for weight bearing
| Cancellous is spongy, and not suitable for weight bearing
26
What are bones made up of ?
Cells and matrix
27
What does the bone matrix consist of?
Inorganic and organic component
28
What are the two components of inorganic bone matrix?
Calcium hydroxyapatite and osteocalcium phosphate
29
What is in the organic component of bone matrix?
Type 1 collage and ground substance which is proteoglycans, glycoproteins and cytokines
30
What is an osteon?
A repeated structural unit, concentric lamellar around a central Haversian
31
What is a Haversian Canal?
Canal containing blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic, with concentric lamellae of bone around it
32
In which type of mature bone are Haversian Canals found?
Cortical, compact bone
33
What is on the outside of a long bone?
Cortical bone
34
What type of bone is on the inside of a long bone?
Cancellous bone
35
What is a growth plate called?
Physis
36
What is the structure of long bones in terms of physes?
Epiphysis
Physis
Metaphysis
Diaphysis
37
What is Intramembranous Ossification?
The development of bone from within a membrane
38
What bones does intramembranous ossification form?
Flat bones of the skull, clavicle and mandible
39
Describe the process of intramembranous ossification
1. Mesenchymal stem cells cluster and differentiate to form osteogenic cells which whn firther differentiate into osteoblasts
2. Forms ossification center
3. Osteoblasts start to secrete Osteoid inwards which traps osteoblasts in their own secretions
4. The osteoblasts catalyse the mineralisation and thus calcification of the osteoid, forming the bone matrix
5. Osteoblasts differentiate into osteocytes
6. This leads to the dveelopment of the periosteum as well as the trabeculae
7. Crowded blood vessels condense into red bone marrow
40
What traps osteoblasts in intramembranous ossification?
Osteoid
41
How does an ossification center form?
The condensation of mesenchymal cells that differentiate into osteoblasts
42
What is endochondral ossification?
Development of a long bone from a hyaline cartilage model
43
Which type of ossification is faster?
Intramembranous
44
What is the primary ossification center called?
The diaphysis
45
What is the secondary ossification center called?
Epiphysis
46
What are the two mechanisms of bone growth?
Interstitial and appositional growth
47
What is interstitial growth?
Long bones increasing in length
48
Where does interstitial growth occur?
At the growth plates
49
What is apposition all growth?
increase in thickness and diameter of bones
50
Where does interstitial growth occur?
At the physeal plate
51
What occurs in the proliferation zone?
Mitosis
52
What are the zones the cell undergoes through growth?
```
Reserve zone
Proliferation zone
Maturation and hypertrophy
Calcified matrix
Zone of ossification
```
53
Describe appositional growth?
The deposition of bone beneath the periosteum to increase thickness
54
How does appositional growth occur?
1. Ridges in periosteum create groove for periosteum blood vessel
2. Ridges fuse forming a tunnel which is now lined with periosteum but since it is inside it is called the endosteum
3. Osteoblasts in endosperm build new concentric lamellae inwards towards the center of the tunnel, forming new osteon
4. Bone grows outwards as osteoblasts in periosteum build new circumferential lamellae
55
What regulates calcium release from the bone?
Parathyroid hormone
56
What are the three types of joints?
Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial
57
What separates bones in a fibrous joint?
Sutures
58
What are cartilaginous joints?
Has cartilage in between the bones
59
What are synovial joints?
Joints have synovial fluid
60
How can synovial joints be classified?
According to the direction they move
61
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
Plane, hinge, ball and socket, pívot, saddle, condyloid
62
What is a joint called if it only moves in one plane?
Hinge
63
What type of joint is the knee?
Modified hinge joint = synovial
| Despite having cartilage it is not complete and therefore doesn’t form a true junction
64
What is the purpose of the cartilage in the knee joint?
Reduce the pressure between the bones
65
What is the purpose of the inner synovial membrane?
Contains synovial fluid which reduces friction during movement
66
What is the purpose of the articular capsule?
Keeps bone together structurally
67
Where does synovial fluid come from?
Synovial membrane
68
What do ligaments do?
Prevent excessive movement that could damage the joint
69
What is the movement of the joint if you have more but tighter ligaments?
Greater stability but less mobility
70
What is the movement of the joint if you have less ligaments by laxer ones?
Greater mobility but less stability
71
What do you have a risk of with poor stability?
Risk of dislocation
72
What results from excessive ligament laxity?
Hypermobility
73
What are the four factors affecting joint stability?
Joint shape
Tendons
Ligaments
Cartilage
74
What do tendons do?
Attach muscles to bone, and transmit the force from the muscle to the bone
75
What are tendons made of?
Collagen
76
What is the microstructure of tendons?
Parallel arrays of collagen fibers packed closely together
77
What is the structure of collagen?
3 polypeptide chains wound around each other like a triple helix
78
What do ligaments do?
Join bone to bone in order to stabilize the joint
79
Do ligaments have many nerves / blood vessels?
No
80
What allows ligaments to tighten or loosen?
The functional sub units
81
What is the outer covering of ligaments called?
Epiligament
82
What part of ligaments transmits pain signals?
Type 3 fibres
83
What is the purpose of cartilage?
Shock absorber to reduce friction
84
What is cartilage made up of?
Chondrocytes which produce a lot of collagenour ECM
85
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
Elastic
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
86
Compare the joint capsule of the hip and shoulder joint?
```
Shoulder = weak
Hip = strong
```
87
What is the strength of the ligaments in the shoulder?
Lacks strong ligaments
88
What are the ligaments like in the hip joint?
Strong
89
What is the stability of the shoulder joint?
Unstable
90
What is the stability of the hip joint?
Stable
91
What is the mobility of the shoulder like?
Extremely mobile
92
What is the motility of the hip joint like?
Less mobile
