Bones, bone development, and joints

Question 1

long bones

Answer 1

Diaphysis and epiphysis

femer, ulna, phalanges, metacarpals

Question 2

short bones

Answer 2

Carpals

Question 3

flat bones

Answer 3

bones of the skull (calvaria)

Question 4

Irregular bones

Answer 4

Vertebrae and some facial bones

Question 5

sesamoid bones

Answer 5

patella

Question 6

Diaphysis

Answer 6

shaft

elongated and may have medullary cavity

Question 7

Epiphysis

Answer 7

ends

separated from diaphysis by a growth plate

Question 8

Periosteum

Answer 8

outer fibrous connective tissue covering of bone

continuous with connective tissue coverings of muscles, tendons, and ligaments

Question 9

Parts of the long bone

Answer 9

diaphysis 
epiphysis 
periosteum 
endosperm 
blood supply
articular cartilage

Question 10

What is the most common type of cartilage

Answer 10

hyaline cartilage

Question 11

True or false: Hyaline cartilage is avascular

Answer 11

True

Question 12

What are the growth patterns of hyaline cartilage

Answer 12

appositional and interstitial

Question 13

where is hyaline cartilage found

Answer 13

external auditory meatus 
larynx
tracheal cartilages 
bronchial cartilages 
fetal long bones
articular ends of bones

Question 14

What type of collagen fibers do hyaline cartilage have

Answer 14

type II

Question 15

Describe the cellular structure of bone

Answer 15

-Based on a canalicular system
-Highly vascular
-Increase in bone length occurs though appositional growth of a hyaline cartilage model
-Bone tissue is continuously resorbed, reconstructed, and remodeled
Matrix of bone consists of two major components

Question 16

what are the two major components of bone matrix

Answer 16

organic component= osteoid

inorganic component= Hydroxyapatite

Question 17

what percent of hydroxyapatite makes up the bone matrix

Answer 17

35-65%

Question 18

How is bone tissue classified

Answer 18

by the bone tissue of the matrix

Question 19

what are the three types of bone tissue

Answer 19

woven bone
spongy bone
compact bone

Question 20

Characteristics of woven bone

Answer 20

occurs during bone development and repair
produced rapidly
haphazard collagen foundation
less structural integrity

Question 21

Characteristics of spongy bone

Answer 21

also called trabecular or cancellous bone
-Contains a 3D lattice of branching, bony spicules intertwined to form trabecular surrounding the bone marrow spaces in the long bone and flat bone

Question 22

Characteristics of compact bone

Answer 22

Also known as lamellar bone
Lacks cavities and forms a dense plate outside of long and flat bones
Consist of concentric lamellae

Question 23

True or false: cartilage becomes bone

Answer 23

False. cartilage is replaced by bone

Question 24

Where does endochondral bone formation occur

Answer 24

within a hyaline cartilage model

Question 25

What endochondral bone formation also called

Answer 25

replacement bone formation

Question 26

Explain how endochondral bone can be remodeled

Answer 26

by cutting out cylindrical regions of bone with osteoclasts and then replacing the removed bone with new bone through the actions of osteoblasts

Question 27

Steps in endochondral bone formation

Answer 27

- Primary ossification centers occurs in future diaphysis of cartilage model - Chondrocytes become hypertrophic - Chondrocytes secrete vascular endothelial growth factors - Blood vessels break through perichondrium, brining in osteoprogenitor cells - Hypertophic cartilage cells undergo apoptosis, leaving behind thin strands of calcified matrix - Osteoblasts use calcified strands as substrates for deposition of osteoid - Osteoid is calcified

Question 28

Name the 4 types of joints

Answer 28

Cartilaginous joints Fibrous joints synovial joints synostosis

Question 29

Characteristics of cartilaginous joints

Answer 29

Also known as amphiarthrosis | bones are joined by hyaline or fibrocartilage

Question 30

types of cartilaginous joints

Answer 30

symphysis | synchondrosis

Question 31

Characteristics of symphysis

Answer 31

fibrocartilage | public symphysis; intervertebral discs

Question 32

characteristics of synchondrosis

Answer 32

hyaline cartilage | epiphyseal plate, first sternocostal joint

Question 33

Characteristics of fibrous joints

Answer 33

Also known as synarthrosis | Bones are joined by collagenous and or elastic fibrous tissue

Question 34

Types of fibrous joints are...

Answer 34

Suture Gomphosis Syndesmosis

Question 35

Characteristics of Suture

Answer 35

Joints between bones of calveria

Question 36

Characteristics of Gomphosis

Answer 36

Peg-in-a-socket | Teeth in alveoli

Question 37

Characteristics of Syndesmosis

Answer 37

Interosseous membrane tibia/ fibula ulna/ radius

Question 38

name the 4 types of synovial joints

Answer 38

Uniaxial biaxial triaxial non axial

Question 39

Examples of uniaxial synovial joint

Answer 39

hinge: elbow, knee pivot: atlantoaxial, radioulnar

Question 40

Examples of biaxial synovial joint

Answer 40

Condyloid: metacarpophalangeal, atlantooccipital Saddle: first carpometacarpal joint

Question 41

Examples of triaxial synovial joint

Answer 41

ball and socket: glenohumeral and femoroacetabular

Question 42

Examples of nonaxial synovial joint

Answer 42

plane joints: sternoclavicular, scapuloclavicular, zygapophyses

Question 43

Describe uniaxial joints

Answer 43

- Move through one plane - Ligaments are located along the lateral and medial edge the joint surface - Each ligament has a specific name based on its location - A pivot joint moves in a transverse plane around a craniotomy caudal axis

Question 44

Describe biaxial joints

Answer 44

- Permits movement in two planes around two axes | - allow both abduction/adduction and extension/flexion

Question 45

Describe triaxial joints

Answer 45

- Have movement capability in all 3 planes and axes - Movement allowed: extension/flexion, abduction/adduction, and medial/lateral rotation - Circumduction is also permitted

Question 46

Describe non axial joints

Answer 46

- consist of two relatively flat surfaces which slide over one another - sometimes these are also classified as triaxial joints

Question 47

Define tendons

Answer 47

connect muscle to bone

Question 48

Define ligaments

Answer 48

connect bone to bone

Question 49

Tendons and ligaments have what?

Answer 49

- consists of a bundle of fascicles | - surrounded by epitendineum