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SL12010 Health and Disease Flashcards > Bones, Joints and Associated Lectures > Flashcards

Bones, Joints and Associated Lectures Flashcards

Covers the following lectures: Bones and Joints, Calcium Homeostasis (65 cards)

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1
Q

What are the main functions of the musculoskeletal system?

A
  • Support
  • Movement
  • Protection
  • Blood cell production
  • Mineral storage
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2
Q

What are the three main components of the musculoskeletal system?

A
  • Bones
  • Muscles
  • Connective Tissue
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3
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue? What are there purposes?

A

Cartilage - Joint cushioning
Ligaments - Bones to bones
Tendons - Muscles to bones

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4
Q

What are the two types of bones? What are their alternative names?

A

Compact/cortical bones - Primarily supportive

Spongy trabecular bones - Primarily blood cells and minerals

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5
Q

How would you summarise the functions of cartilage?

A

Cartilage mainly serves to aid bone formation/action.

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6
Q

In what ways do bone and cartilage differ?

A

Function, water content, composition and cell types.

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7
Q

How does the water content of bones and cartilage differ?

A

Water content is about 1/4 in bones but 3/4 in cartilage.

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8
Q

How does the composition of bones and cartilage differ?

A

Bones are primarily comprised of minerals then type I collagen.

Cartilage is primarily type II collagen then proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans.

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9
Q

What percentage of bone is made up of minerals? What percentage of cartilage is made up of type II collagen?

A

Bone = 65% mineral

Cartilage = 65% type II collagen

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10
Q

What are the main cell types in bones? How would you summarise their functions?

A
  • Osteoblasts (bone forming)
  • Ostocytes (calcified structure)
  • Osteoclasts (bone destruction and reabsorption)
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11
Q

What are the main cell types in cartilage? How would you summarise their functions?

A
  • Chondroblasts (structure and strength)
  • Chondrocytes (Collagen and extracellular matrix production)
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12
Q

Define avascular. Why can cartilage survive despite avascular?

A

Avascular - Lacking blood supply

Cartilage can survive since it is almost entirely made up of a collagen matrix, cells manage to receive oxygen and nutrients via diffusion

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13
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

The bones of the skull and vertebral column

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14
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

The bones of the limbs, pelvis, scapula and clavicle, everything but the axial skeleton.

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15
Q

How many bones are there in the adult human skeleton?

A

206

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16
Q

What are the 4 bone classifications? What are the functions of each type of bone?

A
  • Long (Support the weight of the body)
  • Short (Aid in stability of the limbs)
  • Flat (Used as attachment points for muscles)
  • Irregular (Don’t fit into the other categories)
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17
Q

What are the five components of a bone?

A
  • Periosteum
  • Compact bone
  • Spongy bone
  • Bone marrow
  • Endosteum§
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18
Q

What is the function of the periosteum?

A

The outer membrane of the bone. Contains the blood vessels and nerves for the bone.

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19
Q

What is the function of the compact bone?

A

Hard structural layer that provides support.

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20
Q

What is the function of the spongy layer?

A

Soft layer which lessens weight of the bone whilst still maintaining structure. Houses the bone marrow.

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21
Q

What are the two types of bone marrow and their corresponding functions?

A

Red - RBC, WBC and platelet production

Yellow - Cartilage, bone and muscle cell production from lipids

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22
Q

What is the function of the endosteum?

A

Essential to the restructure and repair of bones.

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23
Q

What are the four types of bone cells? What are their functions?

A
  • Osteogenic cells: Differentiate into osteoblasts
  • Osteoblasts: Forms new bone
  • Osteocytes: Calcified osteoblasts
  • Osteoclasts: Destruction of bone matrix
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24
Q

How do osteoblasts form new bone?

A

Synthesise and secrete organic components which surround the osteoblast and calcify.

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25
How do osteoblasts form osteocytes?
Synthesise and secrete organic components which surround the osteoblast and calcify, thus forming an osteocyte.
26
What is the term for bone formation?
Ossification
27
How is calcium distributed in the blood? In what form is it physiologically active?
50% ionised 9% complexed 41% protein bound Ionised calcium is physiologically active.
28
What are the various functions of calcium in the body?
Nerve function Muscle contraction Blood clotting Skeletal mineralisation Celular metabolism Cell signalling
29
State a consequence of low calcium levels.
Increased excitability of neuronal and muscular plasma membrane.
30
State a consequence of high calcium levels.
Causes cardiac arrhythmia.
30
What hormones are associated with calcium regulation?
Calcitriol Calcitonin Parathyroid hormone
31
Where is PTH produced?
Produced in the parathyroid gland by chief cells.
32
How long is the half life of PTH? What does this imply in terms of its physiological purpose?
t1/2 = 10 minutes This implies that PTH is involved in the short term, minor tweaks in calcium levels.
33
How does PTH react to short term changes in calcium?
Ca2+ interacts with GPCR calcium receptor Decrease in Ca2+ increases PTH secretion, increase in Ca2+ decreases PTH secretion.
34
How does PTH react to long term changes in calcium?
Calcitriol acts on the PTH gland, decreasing transcription of PTH mRNA.
35
What are the actions of PTH? What overall effect does this have?
Increases osteoclast action, releasing Ca2+ into plasma. Increase in calcium reabsorption via the kidneys. Indirectly increases calcitriol conc, increasing intestinal absorption of Ca2+. Overall, PTH increases plasma levels of calcium.
36
What are the 2 forms of vitamin D? How do they differ? How are they similar?
Vitamin D3: Formed from UV radiation, cholesterol derivative. Vitamin D2: Derived from diet Both go on to form active vitamin D (calcitriol).
37
What factors determine the plasma levels of calcitriol?
1. The rate of conversion of calcidiol to calcitriol (activation step) 2. The rate of conversion of calcitriol to calcitroic acid (inactivation state)
38
What are the actions of calcitriol? What is the overall effect?
Increase in Ca2+ absorption Indirect increase in osteoclast action, increasing Ca2+ release into plasma Increase in kidney reabsorption of Ca2+ Overall, calcitriol increases plasma levels of Ca2+
39
Where does calcitonin come from?
Secreted by parafollicular C cells of the thyroid gland
40
What are the actions of calcitonin?
Directly decreases osteoclast action, decreasing release of Ca2+ Decreases kidney reabsorption of Ca2+ Overall, calcitonin decreases the plasma levels of Ca2+
41
What is a possible theory for the physiological role of calcitonin?
May act to prevent excessive bone destruction during pathological states.
42
In what ways does the action of calcitonin on osteoclasts differ to those of PTH and calcitriol?
Calcitonin acts directly upon osteoclasts PTH and calcitriol actions are indirect and mediated by osteoblasts.
43
How is PTH involved in the maturation of bone cells?
PTH binds to receptors on osteoblasts, triggering the activation of osteoclast precursors into osteoclasts via RANK and RANKL.
44
Summarise the process of intramembranous ossification.
- Ossification centre forms - Osteocytes develop mineral salts (and calcify) - Trabeculae form - Periosteum, spongy bone and compact bone develop around the trabeculae
45
What are trabeculae?
Struts in the bone tissue that form a lattice. Follows the blood supply and is later replaced by compact bone tissue.
46
When do intramembranous and endochondral ossification occur during foetal development?
Around 8-9 weeks.
47
Summarise the process of endochondral ossification.
- Chondrocytes at the centre of cartilage matrix grow and die - Osteoblasts line the edge of the cartilage matrix - Blood vessels penetrate the cartilage, osteoblasts form a primary ossification centre - Bone shaft thickens and cartilage towards the epiphyses is replaced by bone - Blood vessels invade the epiphyses and secondary ossification centres form
48
How do bones grow appositionally?
Both medullary cavity and bone thickness increase in a balance. Osteoblasts lining periosteum calcify and form new bone increasing the external diameter. Osteoclasts lining the endosteum break down old bone lining the endosteum, increasing internal diameter.
49
How do bones grow interstitially? For how long do bones grow interstitially?
Growth plate cartilage grows towards epiphyseal end. Old growth plate cartilage dies and is replaced by bone from diaphysial end. Interstitial growth occurs until adulthood at which point growth plate cartilage is fully replaced by bone.
50
What are the four stages of bone remodelling? State them in a cyclical order.
- Resting stage - Bone resorption - Transition - Bone formation - Repeat
51
What four processes (not stages) are involved in bone remodelling?
- Osteoclast recruitment and activation - Osteoclast removal - Osteoblast recruitment and activation - Matrix synthesis
52
Define osteoporosis. What is a common side effect of osteoporosis? Why?
A bone disease characterised by a decrease in bone density. People with osteoporosis are more vulnerable to fractures. This is because the decreased density of their bones makes them more fragile and brittle.
53
What are some of the most common causes for osteoporosis?
Age and post-menopause
54
Summarise the fracture healing process in bones.
- A hematoma forms around the fracture and is converted into granulation tissue - Granulation tissue converted into soft callus via collagen and fibrocartilage deposition - Hard callus forms via osteoblast deposition, uniting the broken pieces of bone - Small bone fragments removed by osteoclasts, osteoblasts deposit spongy bone then convert to compact bone.
55
What step is necessary to ensure that larger fractions can heal (properly)? Why?
The fracture site must be stabilised in order for the early stages of the fracture healing process to not be interrupted.
56
What are the three classifications of joints? What characteristics define them?
Synovial - Free moving and capsule enclosed Fibrous - Held together by dense connective tissue Cartilaginous - Held together by cartilage
57
What are the six subtypes of synovial joint? What level of rotation/movement do they possess?
Plane joint - Biaxial movement Hinge joint - Uniaxial rotation Pivot joint - Uniaxial rotation Condylar joint - Biaxial rotation Saddle joint - Biaxial rotation Ball and socket joint - Multiaxial. rotation
58
Why aren't more synovial joints ball and socket joints if they possess the greatest ROM?
In providing a greater range of motion they sacrifice stability. Ball and socket joints are some of the easiest to dislocate.
59
What is articular cartilage? What is its function
The cartilage lining the ends of bones in most joints. It acts as a shock absorber for the bones and smooths the movement of the joint.
60
Why is it possible for the articular cartilage to survive without a blood supply?
It derives its nutrients from the synovial fluid. This fluid is nutrient rich and produced by the synovial membrane.
61
What is the function of the synovial fluid?
Synovial fluid nourishes structures within the joint capsule such as the articular cartilage as well as lubricating the joint, reducing friction and making joint movement smoother.
62
Define osteoarthritis. What symptoms are caused by osteoarthritis and how?
The breakdown of articular cartilage. As a result of osteoarthritis, the joint spaces narrow and the bone surfaces thicken, leading to pain, stiffness and inflammation. This happens because of the increased shock and trauma experienced by the bones with joint movement.
63
Define rheumatoid arthritis. What symptoms are caused by rheumatoid arthritis and how?
Changes in joint structure due to chronic inflammation. Rheumatoid arthritis impairs joint function and mobility. This happens because the immune system targets the joint, leading to joint swelling, cartilage damage and bone erosion.
64
In what ways do osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis differ?
Osteoarthritis is caused by wear and tear on the joints whereas rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition and caused when the immune system targets the joints.

SL12010 Health and Disease Flashcards (18 decks)

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