bones of the leg and foot

Question 1

what does the tibia articulate with?

Answer 1

condyles of the femur and head of the fibula proximally and the talus and distal end of fibula distally

Question 2

how many ossification centers for the tibia? what are they?

Answer 2

one primary- shaft

3 secondary- proximal end, distal end and tibial tuberosity

Question 3

what ages for each ossification center of tibia?

Answer 3

shaft- begins 7th-8th week of development
proximal end- just before birth
distal end- ages 1-2
tibial tuberosity- around puberty

Question 4

when do the proximal and distal ends of the tibia fuse?

Answer 4

distal- 14.5 female 16.5 male

proximal- 15 F and 17.5 M

Question 5

what condition forms from the disruption of the epiphyseal plate of the tibial tuberosity that occurs around puberty in active adolescents?

Answer 5

osgood-schlatters disease- apophyseal injury or traction apophysitis

Question 6

what are apophyses?

Answer 6

secondary ossification center that develops with growth

Question 7

osgood schlatters disease is bilateral in?

Answer 7

half of those affected

Question 8

how many ossification centers for the fibula and what are they?

Answer 8

one primary- shaft

2 secondary- distal and proximal ends of the bone

Question 9

age of ossification at each location of fibula?

Answer 9

shaft- 8th week of development
distal end- 1st year of life
proximal end- 3rd and 4th year

Question 10

when do the proximal and distal ends of fibula fuse?

Answer 10

proximal- 14.5 female 16.5 male

distal- 15.5 F 17 M

Question 11

which bones are sources for bone grafting?

Answer 11

tibia and fibula

Question 12

what is another name for a compound fracture of the tibia?

Answer 12

bumper fracture

Question 13

the tibia has a poor blood supply making fractures heal?

Answer 13

much slower, can take several months

Question 14

most common area of fracture of the tibia?

Answer 14

medial aspect of the shaft

Question 15

where are the most common areas of fracture of the fibula?

Answer 15

proximal to lateral malleolus or distal to head of bone

Question 16

fractures to the areas below the head of the fibula damage what and lead to what?

Answer 16

damage to the common fibular nerve and lead to atrophy and paralysis of anterior and lateral leg musculature

Question 17

the calcaneal tuberosity is a large prominence and allows insertion for what?

Answer 17

tendon calcaneus

Question 18

the fibular trochlear of the calcaneus is found on the lateral side of the bone and does what?

Answer 18

separates the tendons of the fibularis longus and brevis from each other

Question 19

what is a prominent ledge of the medial aspect of the calcaneus that has articular facets?

Answer 19

sustenaculum tali

Question 20

what is a deep groove which separates the articular facets of the calcaneus?

Answer 20

calcaneal sulcus

Question 21

the talus is the only bone that articulate with the tibia and fibula and forms what?

Answer 21

the ankle joint

Question 22

the talus articulates with the calcaneus inferiorly to form what?

Answer 22

subtalar joint

Question 23

during ossification of the talus, sometimes a secondary ossification center may develop for the lateral tubercle of the bone. what is this called?

Answer 23

os trigonum

Question 24

when os trigonum occurs, what happens to the lateral tubercle?

Answer 24

it will not fuse with the bone when ossification is completed

Question 25

what does the navicular bone articulate with?

Answer 25

anteriorly with 3 cuneiform bones and laterally with the cuboid

Question 26

what does the cuboid articulate with?

Answer 26

posteriorly with the calcaneus, anteriorly with 5th metatarsal and medially with cuneiform and navicular

Question 27

what are the 3 small wedge shaped bones of the foot?

Answer 27

cuneiforms

Question 28

what are the names of the 3 cuneiforms?

Answer 28

1st/medial- largest, 2nd/intermediate-smallest, and 3rd/lateral

Question 29

ossification of the tarsal bones begins happening before birth and each bone has a single ossification center except which one?

Answer 29

the calcaneus which has a secondary center for the tuberosity

Question 30

what are the ages of ossification of the tarsal bones

Answer 30

``` calcaneus- 6th fetal month (2nd 8-10yr) talus- 7th fetal month cuboid- birth 1st cuneiform- 1st year 2nd cuneiform- 3rd year 3rd cuneiform and navicular- 4th year ```

Question 31

where do fractures of the talus normally occur?

Answer 31

through the neck during severe dorsal flexion at the ankle- some fractures lead to avascular necrosis of the head as well

Question 32

describe a fracture of the calcaneus

Answer 32

typically from a hard fall on tuberosity, can be comminuted and may disrupt the subtalar joint

Question 33

where are stress fractures most common?

Answer 33

shaft of tibia, 2-4 metatarsals, navicular bone

Question 34

what are the 2 types of stress fractures?

Answer 34

1 normal bone, overloaded from overuse | 2 abnormal bone from osteoporosis, drugs or metabolic disorder

Question 35

what is the name of the deep and superficial fascia of the leg?

Answer 35

crural fascia

Question 36

in the region of the ankle joint, the crural fascia thickens to form what?

Answer 36

a series of retinacula to keep tendons in place

Question 37

what are the 3 retinaculum of the foot?

Answer 37

1 superior and inferior extensor 2 fibular 3 flexor

Question 38

the large opening of the interosseus membrane in the upper portion allows for what?

Answer 38

the anterior tibial artery to enter the anterior compartment of the leg

Question 39

what are the 2 functions of the interosseus membrane?

Answer 39

1 serves as an attachment for muscles | 2 stabilize tibia and fibula

Question 40

what are the 3 arches of the foot?

Answer 40

medial longitudinal lateral longitudinal transverse