final exam knee joint

Question 1

which joint is the largest and most superficial in the body?

Answer 1

the knee joint

Question 2

how is the knee joint formed?

Answer 2

the articulation of the femur, tibia and patella

Question 3

during development what are the 3 separate joints that become continuous with each other and form a single large knee joint cavity?

Answer 3

1 between the patella and femur 2 btw the lateral condyles of the femur and tibia 3 btw the medial condyles and tibia

Question 4

the articulating surfaces of the tibial condyles are often referred to as?

Answer 4

lateral and medial tibial plateaus

Question 5

the joint between the femur and tibia is classified as?

Answer 5

ginglymus (hinge) with some degrees of rotation

Question 6

the joints between the patella and femur are classified as?

Answer 6

plane gliding

Question 7

what nerves supply the knee joint?

Answer 7

femoral, obturator, common fibular and tibial

Question 8

what are the 4 openings in the anterior capsular ligament which allow synovial membrane to pass through and form bursae?

Answer 8

1 subcutaneous prepatellar

2 subcutaneous infrapatellar

3 deep infrapatellar

4 suprapatellar

Question 9

what are the 4 extrinsic ligaments of the knee?

Answer 9

1 ligamentum patella

2,3 collateral ligament- lateral and medial

4 oblique and arcuate popliteal

Question 10

which extrinsic ligament is anterior and is the distal common tendon of insertion of the quadriceps?

Answer 10

ligamentum patella

Question 11

which ligament plays an important role in alignment of patella relative to the articular surface of the femur?

Answer 11

ligamentum patella

Question 12

which ligaments are taut when knee joint is fully extended and thus contribute to stability while standing?

Answer 12

collateral ligaments

Question 13

where does the lateral (fibular) collateral ligament attach?

Answer 13

it is superficial and separate from the articular capsule of the joint and attaches from the lateral epicondyle of the femur proximally to the head of the fibula distally

Question 14

what is the function of the lateral collateral ligament?

Answer 14

it functions as a wall and prevents lateral movement (abduction) at the joint

Question 15

where does the medial collateral ligament attach?

Answer 15

it blends with the articular capsule and is directly attached to the medial meniscus;

medial epicondyle of the femur proximally to medial side of tibia distally, just below the condyle

Question 16

what is the function of the medial collateral ligament?

Answer 16

acts as a wall and prevents medial movement (adduction) at the joint

Question 17

where are the oblique and arcuate popliteal ligaments found?

Answer 17

posterior aspect of the joint

Question 18

what is the function of the oblique and arcuate popliteal ligaments?

Answer 18

act as wall to prevent hyperextension of the joint and stabilize posterior aspect

Question 19

what are the 6 intrinsic ligaments of the knee?

Answer 19

1 cruciate ligaments- anterior and posterior

2 menisci- medial and lateral

3 coronary ligaments

4 transverse ligament

Question 20

what are the main bonds between the femur and tibia and cross eachother like an X in the center of the joint?

Answer 20

the cruciate ligaments

Question 21

where does the anterior cruciate ligament run?

Answer 21

it is the weaker of the 2 and runs from the lateral condyle of the femur to the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia distally

Question 22

what is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament?

Answer 22

prevents anterior displacement of the tibia and functions like a rope

Question 23

where does the posterior cruciate ligament attach?

Answer 23

it is the stronger of the 2 and runs from the medial condyle of the femur proximally to the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia proximally

Question 24

the mensci of semilunar cartilages have a well developed blood supply until when?

Answer 24

from time of birth to 18 months of age; once infant begins to walk it loses about 75% of vascular supply

Question 25

what are the main functions of the menisci? 3

Answer 25

1 deepen articulating surface 2 act as shock absorber 3 act as a mechanoreceptor to increase positional sense of knee joint

Question 26

which ligament is C shaped and adheres to the tibial collateral ligament?

Answer 26

medial meniscus

Question 27

which ligament is nearly circular in shape and smaller than the medial meniscus?

Answer 27

lateral meniscus- more freely movable on tibia

Question 28

which ligaments are associated with the menisci and attach to the edge of the menisci to help hold them in place?

Answer 28

coronary ligaments

Question 29

which ligament joins the anterior edges of the medial and lateral menisci and allows them to work together?

Answer 29

transverse ligament of the knee

Question 30

what are the possible movements of the knee joint?

Answer 30

mainly flexion and extension but some rotation occurs when joint is flexed

Question 31

how can you "unlock" the knee?

Answer 31

the popliteus muscle must contract to rotate the tibia medially and thus cause flexion at the knee joint

Question 32

what causes prepatellar bursitis? (housemaids)

Answer 32

1 friction between skin and patella 2 direct blow 3 falling on flexed knee

Question 33

what causes subcutaneous infrapatellar bursitis?

Answer 33

excessive friction between skin and tibial tubercle- also known as **clergyman's knee**

Question 34

what causes suprapatellar bursitis?

Answer 34

bacteria from an abrasion or penetrating wound

Question 35

unhappy triad is a term used for a blow to the lateral aspect of the joint while its weight bearing, what does it damage?

Answer 35

medial collateral, anterior cruciate, medial meniscus

Question 36

what are 2 causes of damage to the medial collateral ligament?

Answer 36

most commonly injured ligament- a lateral blow and rotational forces during trauma

Question 37

which ligament is damaged when a patient complains of knee "clicking", locking up or has pain going up stairs?

Answer 37

medial meniscus

Question 38

if menisci are removed, forces are transmitted to the condyles of the tibia and can lead to?

Answer 38

damage of articular cartilage and eventually osteoarthritis

Question 39

which ligament is damaged when a patient complains of a "pop" or says their knee "gives out"? damaged in sports that require twisting or jumping

Answer 39

anterior cruciate (ACL)

Question 40

what is it called when damage to the ACL causes the tibia to be pulled forward excessively under the femur?

Answer 40

positive anterior drawer test

Question 41

injury to the PCL (posterior cruciate) leads to tibia being pulled excessively backward under femur and is referred to as?

Answer 41

positive posterior drawer test

Question 42

what portions of knee are replaced in a knee replacement surgery?

Answer 42

total or partial- both femoral and tibial portions

Question 43

what materials are used with a knee replacement and why?

Answer 43

metal and plastic which provides a smoothness similar to cartilage

Question 44

what is the lifespan of a prosthetic knee on average?

Answer 44

15 to 20 years