Bones of The Upper Limb

Question 1

the upper limb bones are

Answer 1

clavicle, scapula humerus, ulna, radius, 8 carpal bones, 5 metacarpal bones and 14 phalanges

Question 2

clavicle definition

Answer 2

its a long bone which has 2 ends and a shaft
its called a modified long bone because it has no medullary cavity
its the only long bone placed horizontally

Question 3

clavicle ends

Answer 3

2 ends
medial (sternal)
lateral (acromial)

Question 4

clavicle shaft

Answer 4

its medial ⅔ is convex anteriorly
its later ⅓ is covex posteriorly (concave anteriorly)

Question 5

clavicle surfaces

Answer 5

the upper surface is smooth
the lower surface rough contains in the middle subclevius groove laterally conoid tubercle and trapezoid ridge

Question 6

articulation of the clavicle joints

Answer 6

sternoclavicular joint and the acromioclavicular joint

Question 7

sternoclavicular joint articulating bones

Answer 7

sternal end of clavicle with sternum

Question 8

acromioclavicular joint articulating bones

Answer 8

lateral end of clavicle with acromium

Question 9

scapula definition

Answer 9

its a flat (triangular) bone, lies in an olique plane on the posterior-lateral aspect of the upper part of the chest wall

Question 10

parts of the clavicle

Answer 10

1. 2 ends: medial (sternal) and lateral (acromial)
   the medial end is bulky and the lateral end is flat
2. 2 surfaces (upper and lower)
   the lower surface shows subclavius groove in the middle and conoid tubercle & trapezoid ridge laterally
3. 2 borders (anterior and posterior)
4. its medial ⅔ is covex anteriorly and its lateral ⅓ is convex posteriorly

Question 11

function of the clavicle

Answer 11

1. it transmits weight and forces from upper limb to the axial skeleton
2. it protects the vessels and nerves running behind it

Question 12

what part of the clavicle is the most common to be fractured? why?

Answer 12

the ⅓ middle is the most common site to be fractured in the U.L.
because its protruding

Question 13

borders of the scapula

Answer 13

1. superior border (+ the suprascapular notch)
2. medial border (vertebral)
3. lateral border

Question 14

angles of the scapula

Answer 14

1. superior at 2nd thoracic spine
2. inferior at 7th thoracic spine
3. lateral angle (glenoid cavity/ supra and infra glenoid tubercle)

Question 15

processes of scapula

Answer 15

spinous process (spine), acromium process and coracoid process

Question 16

surfaces of the scapula

Answer 16

costal surface (subscapular fossa)
dorsal surface ( supraspinous fossa and the infraspinous fossa)

Question 17

articulation of the scapula joints

Answer 17

shoulder joint

Question 18

shoulder joint articulating bones

Answer 18

head of humerus with glenoid cavity

Question 19

movements of the shoulder or the arm

Answer 19

1. flexion and extension
2. abduction and adduction
3. medial and lateral rotation
4. circumduction

Question 20

humerus definition

Answer 20

its a long bone (the bone of the arm) ot has an upper and lower end and a shaft

Question 21

the upper end of the humerus consists of

Answer 21

1. head
2. greater tuberosity (tubercle, lateral)
3. lesser tuberosity (tubercle, medial)
4. Inter-tubercular (biciptal) groove which is located in front of upper part of the shaft, the groove has a lateral lip, medial lip and floor
5. surgical neck
6. anatomical neck

Question 22

the shaft of the humerus consists of

Answer 22

A. three surfaces
1. antero-medial surface
2. antero-lateral surface shows the deltoid tuberosity
3. posterior surface shows spiral or radial groove (radial nerve passes across)
B. three borders
1. anterior border
2. medial and lateral borders forming medial and lateral supracondylar rigdes respectively

Question 23

lower part of humerus consists of

Answer 23

1. 2 epicondyles medial and lateral
2. trochlea medially for articulation with trochlea of ulna
3. capitulum laterally for articulation with head of radius
4. 3 fossae radial and coronoid fossa anteriorly and olecranon fossa posteriorly

Question 24

whats the carrying angle

Answer 24

it is the angle begween the long axis of humerus and the long axis of extended supinated forearm
it allows free movements of upper limb away from the pelvis and helps carrying objects
the normal range is 5 to 15 degrees

Question 25

abnormalities of carrying angle

Answer 25

decreased angle below 5 degrees is **cubitus vargus** increased angle above 15 degrees is **cubitus valgus**

Question 26

articulating bones of the elbow joint

Answer 26

trochlea and capitulum of the humerus and trochlear notch of the ulna and the head of the radius

Question 27

movement of the elbow joint

Answer 27

flexion and extension

Question 28

ulna definition

Answer 28

it is a long bone forming the medial bone of the forearm

Question 29

radius definition

Answer 29

it is a long bone forming the lateral bone of the forearm, it had an upper end, shaft and a lower end

Question 30

the upper part of the radius consists of

Answer 30

**the head** which has 2 articular surfaces (articulates with the capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna) [upper surface and its circumference] **the neck** **the radial tuberosity**

Question 31

The shaft of the radius has

Answer 31

3 borders (anterior, prosterior and medial borders or interosseous) 3 surfaces (anterior, posterior and lateral)

Question 32

the lower end of the radius has

Answer 32

5 surfaces 1. anterior (smooth) rough 2. posterior, it has **dorsal tubercle** 3. lateral shows **styloid process** 4. medial surface form **ulnar notch** of radius (articulates with head of the ulna) 5. inferior smooth **articular surfaces** (articulates with carpal bones)

Question 33

joints of radius and ulna

Answer 33

1. proximal radioulnar joint 2. distal radioulnar joint 3. wrist joint

Question 34

articulating bones of the proximal radioulnar joint

Answer 34

head of the radius, radial notch of the ulna and annular ligament

Question 35

articulating bones of the distal radioulnar joint

Answer 35

head of the ulna, ulnar notch of the radius

Question 36

what type of joint is the proximal radioulnar joint

Answer 36

pivot synovial

Question 37

what type of joint is the distal radioulnar joint

Answer 37

pivot synovial

Question 38

articulating bones of the wrist joint

Answer 38

**above:** inferior surface of radius and articular disc **below:** Scaphoid-lunate-triquetrum

Question 39

wrist joint type

Answer 39

synovial condyloid joint

Question 40

sternoclavicular joint type

Answer 40

synovial plane

Question 41

acromioclavicular joint type

Answer 41

synovial plane

Question 42

shoulder joint type

Answer 42

ball and socket synovial

Question 43

elbow joint type

Answer 43

hinge synovial

Question 44

bones of the hand

Answer 44

carpal bones, metacarpal bones and phalanges

Question 45

the carpal bones

Answer 45

**the proximal row** is formed of 4 bones from lateral to medial: schapoid - lunate - triquetrum - pisiform **the distal row** is formed of 4 bones from lateral to medial : trapezium - trapezoid - capitate - hamate

Question 46

how many metacarpal bones are there in a hand

Answer 46

5, named one to five from lateral to medial

Question 47

how many phalanges

Answer 47

each finger has 3 phalanges except thumb has only two they are named proximal, middle and distal

Question 48

joints of the hand

Answer 48

1. intercatpl joints 2. carpometacarpal joints (4 medial fingers) 3. carpometacarpal joint (thumb) 4. metacarpophalangeal joints 5. proximal interphalangeal joints 6. distal inter phalangeal joints

Question 49

what type of joint is each of the hands joints

Answer 49

1. intercarpal joints -> plane synovial 2. carpometacarpal joints -> plane synovial 3. metacarpophalangeal (fingers) -> comdyloid joint 4. metacarpophalangeal (thumb) -> saddle joint 5. interphalangeal-> hinge synovial