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Muscoskeletal System Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

The muscoskeletal system includes

A

Bones, joints, muscles, cartilages and ligaments

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2
Q

The skeleton is divided into

A

Axial and appendicular skeleton

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3
Q

The axial skeleton contains

A

Skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum and the hyoid bone

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4
Q

How many bones are there in the skull

A

22

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5
Q

The mandible is

A

The lower jaw

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6
Q

What is the hyoid bone

A

It is a station for the muscles to attach and its the only bone that does not articulate with another

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7
Q

Parts of the hyoid bone

A

Greater horn, lesser horn and the body

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8
Q

What’s the skeleton of the thorax

A

It’s an osseo cartilaginous cavity composed of: the sternum, ribs, costal cartilage and the thoracic vertebra

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9
Q

The function of the costal cartilage

A

It attaches the ribs to the sternum and provides flexibility to the thoracic cavity for its movement during respiration (inspiration and expiration)

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10
Q

The vertebral column is composed of

A

32- 33 vertebrae separated by invertebrates discs
7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 5 sacral vertebrae and the coccyx

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11
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton contain

A

The pelvic bones and the bones of the upper and lower limbs

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12
Q

Functions of the bone

A
  1. Movement: it provides points of attachments for muscles
  2. Support: the backbone is the main support center for the upper body
  3. Protection of vital organs:the bones of your skull protect your lungs and heart from injury
  4. Makes blood: red and white blood cells are formed in the bone marrow
  5. Storage: they store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus
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13
Q

types of bone according to shape

A

Long bone (femur, humerus)
Short bone (carpal and tarsal bones)
Flat bone (scapula)
Irregular bone (vertebra)
Sesamoid bone (patella, front of the knee)
Pneumatic bone (skull contains air sinus)

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14
Q

Function of the sesamoid bones

A

They diminish friction between tendons and underlying bones

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15
Q

Function of the pneumatic bones

A
  1. They decrease the weight of the skull
  2. They lead to the resonance of voice
  3. They have a highly vascular mucosa to warm the inspired air
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16
Q

Parts of the long bone

A

Epiphysis, Metaphysis, Diaphysis, Epiphyseal plate (cartilage) and the medullary cavity

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17
Q

Epiphysis

A

The ends of the bone
It is used for articulation and its articular surface is covered with a layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage

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18
Q

Diaphysis

A

The shaft
It is covered externally by periosteum (around-bone)

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19
Q

Metaphysis

A

The part between the diaphysis and the epiphysis

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20
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

It’s in the Metaphysis at each end of a long bone
It is the site of bone growth

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21
Q

Medullary cavity

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A

Cavity of the shaft which contains bone marrow

22
Q

Terms of external feature of bones

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A

they said theyre read only but study them from slides just to be sure from slide 20 to 30 :)

23
Q

What are joints

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A

They are the site of articulation (joining) between bones

24
Q

Classification of joints according to structure (the material joining the 2 bones)

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A

Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial

25
Classification of joints according to movement
Immovable synarthroses (usually fibrous) Slightly movable amphiarthroses (usually cartilaginous) Freely movable diarthroses (usually synovial)
26
Fibrous joints
When bones are connected by a fibrous tissue
27
Examples for fibrous joints
Skull sutures (metopic suture, coronal suture, sagittal suture and the lambdoid suture) Syndesmoses (distal end of fibula and tibia) Gomphosis (between the root of the teeth and the socket of the jaw)
28
When do the skull sutures move
In babies for brain growth and during labor when getting out of the birth canal
29
Cartilaginous joints
When bones are connected by cartilage
30
Types of cartilaginous joints
Primary cartilaginous (synchondrosis): made completely out of cartilage, no movement secondary cartilaginous: made out of fibrocartilage, minimal movement
31
Examples for primary cartilaginous joints
Chostochondral joint Epiphyseal plate of cartilage
32
Examples for the secondary cartilaginous joints
Intervertebral disc joints and the pubic symphysis
33
Parts of synovial joints? / how they’re fixed (idk?)
Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity Articulating cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of the bones (to decrease friction) Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule The joint capsule is lined by synovial membrane (severest the synovial fluid) The joint cavity is filled with the synovial fluid Ligaments reinforce the joint
34
Types of synovial joints according to the axis of movement
Uniaxial ( hinge, pivot, plane) Biaxial (named according to the shape of articular surfaces: condyloid, saddle) Multiaxial (ball and socket)
35
Uniaxial hinge
Only permits flextion and extension Such as the elbow joint, the ankle and the interphalangeal (fingers) joints
36
Uniaxial pivot
Rotation movements around the axis Such as the radioulnar (forearm, pronation and supination) Atlantoaxial: 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae (rotation of neck)
37
Uniaxial plane
They allow gliding movement and articular surfaces are flat Such as intercarpal and intertarsal joints (carpal bones of the hand and foot) and between vertebral articular processes
38
The biaxial condyloid joint
The joint between the shallow depression of one bone and the rounded structure of another bone or bones It permits flexion/extension and abduction/addiction Such as the wrist joint and the metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints
39
The biaxial saddle joint
Joints where each articular surface has both concave and convex areas Such as the carpometacarpal of the thumb (other fingers do not have saddle joints)
40
Multi axial ball and socket
When a Spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with the cuplike socket of another Allows : addiction, abduction, flexion, extension, elevation, depression and rotation Such as the shoulder and hip joint
41
Types of muscles
Skeletal, smooth and cardiac
42
about skeletal muscles
Attached to and produce movement of the skeleton Voluntary muscles The nerve supply: somatic nerves It has 2 attachments, the origin ( the more fixed attachment) and the insertion (the more mobile attachment)
43
How do skeletal muscles move
When muscles contract, its fibers shorten and the insertion moves towards the origin, thus producing movement at the related joint
44
Action of skeletal muscles / muscles classification according to their action (function)
Prime movers (agonists) Antagonists Synergists Fixators (stabilizers)
45
What are the prime movers (agonists)
They’re the muscles responsible for initiation of a particular movement
46
What are antagonist muscles
They’re the muscles which oppose the action of prime movers
47
What are synergist muscles
They’re the muscles that assist the prime mover in its role
48
What are fixator muscles
They’re the muscles that help the prime mover by fixing its origin or keeping bones immobile when needed
49
about smooth muscles
site : wallas of blood vessels and viscera involuntary muscles nerve supply : autonomic
50
about cardiac muscles
site: myocardium of the heart involuntary muscles nerve supply: autonomic nerves

Anatomy (7 decks)

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