Boobies!!!

Question 1

name 6 endocrine producing areas of body

Answer 1

pituitary 
thyroid
adrenals
gonads
parathyroids
pancreas

Question 2

pathology associated with pituitary and hypothalamus (3)

Answer 2

hyperprotinaemia
hypopituitarism
pituitary tumours

Question 3

pathology associated with adrenals (4)

Answer 3

addisons
cushings
conns
phaechromocytoma

Question 4

different types of hormones (4)

Answer 4

polypeptides
glycoproteins
steroids
amines

Question 5

sequence leading to polypeptide release

Answer 5

neural/endocrine stimulation of target cell > inc transcription from DNA to mRNA > peptide product > usually prohormone > golgi > hormone

Question 6

4 hormone binding proteins

Answer 6

thyroxine-binding globin (TBG)
cortisol-binding globin (CBG) 
sex hormone binding globin (SHBG)
IGF-binding hormone (IGF-BP3)
prealbumin and albumin 

** first 4 very specific, high affinity with limited capacity, albumin is non specific and low affinity

Question 7

paracrine is when

Answer 7

hormone acts locally

Question 8

autocrine is

Answer 8

acts on self

Question 9

lipid soluble hormones

Answer 9

steroids
thyroid hormones (T3 T4)
nitric oxide

therefore diffuse across membranes and mostly bound to proteins in serum

Question 10

water soluble hormones

Answer 10

amines
peptides
eicosanoid (prostoglandins and leucotrines)

Question 11

amine hormones include

Answer 11

catelamines - epinephrine, norepinephrin, dopamine
hitamines
seratonin and melatonin

Question 12

example of peptide hormone

Answer 12

TSH

Question 13

insulin does what to liver and adipose

Answer 13

to produce:
liver- glycogen
adipose - triglycerides

Question 14

water soluble hormone pathway

Answer 14

binds receptor on outer membrane > activeates G protein > G protein activates adenylate cyclase > adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cAMP > cAMP acts as secondary messenger and activates protein kinase > protein kinase phosphorylates other enzymes

Question 15

what deactivates cAMP

Answer 15

phosphodiesterase

Question 16

synergenic is when

Answer 16

2 hormones work better together than 2 acting alone

Question 17

which systems use positive feedback systems

Answer 17

oxytocin + contaction + oxytocin

LH + ovulation

Question 18

pituitary sits where

Answer 18

in sella turcica of sphenoid bone

Question 19

embryology: pituitary comes from

Answer 19

ectoderm

Question 20

what is a tropic hormone

Answer 20

a hormone that influences another endocrine gland

Question 21

7 anterior pituitary hormones

Answer 21

GH 
TSH
FSH
LH
Prolactin 
corticotrophin
melanocyte stimulating hormone

Question 22

lipid soluble hormones work by

Answer 22

altering gene expression (diffuse into cell, bind receptor, attaches so DNA, mRNA, peptide)

Question 23

nitric oxide does what

Answer 23

acts as vasodilator

Question 24

posterior hormones

Answer 24

ADH (vasopressin)

oxytocin

Question 25

blood supply to anterior pituitary

Answer 25

superior hypophyseal arteries

Question 26

growth hormone pathway

Answer 26

low glucose in blood > hypo releases growth hormone releasing hormone > pit releases Human growth hormone which causes release of IGF from liver > incr glycogen to glucose in liver/muscle growth > incr blood glucose

Question 27

what inhibits the release of growth factor form pit

Answer 27

somatostatin AKA GHIH

Question 28

TSH regulation

Answer 28

TSH secretion is stimulated by thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) and suppresses by high levels of T3 in blood

Question 29

catecholamines (epinephrin/norepinephrin) in urine, headache, hypertension and palpiations

Answer 29

phaeochromocytoma

Question 30

tanned skin without holiday

Answer 30

addisons

Question 31

increase shoe size/spade hands/wedding ring doesnt fit

Answer 31

acromegaly

Question 32

hyperthyroidism + eye changes gritty eyes,

Answer 32

graves

Question 33

moon face, proximal weakness, stretch marks, buffalo hump, abdo fat

Answer 33

cushings

Question 34

ketones on breath/pear drops

Answer 34

DKA

Question 35

deep laboured breathing

Answer 35

metabolic acidosis (esp DKA)

Question 36

orphan annie nuclei

Answer 36

papillary thyroid cancer

Question 37

bone pain, stones, abdo pain, psychiatric problems (bones, stones, groans, moans)

Answer 37

hypercalcaemia (hyperparathyroidism)

Question 38

psammoma bodies

Answer 38

papillary thyroid carcinoma

Question 39

anosmia (loss of smell)

Answer 39

kallmans syndrome (GnRH neurons fail to migrate into hypothalamus)

Question 40

QT prolongation

Answer 40

hypocalcaemia

Question 41

acute management of hypocalcaemia

Answer 41

IV calcium gluconate (10ml of 10% over 10 mins in 50% dextrose or saline)

Question 42

brachydactyly (shortness) of 4th metacrapal

Answer 42

pseudohypoparathyroidisim