Book-based

Question 1

Give some simple multicellular forms that lack the internal complexity and metabolic demands that would require a circulatory system

Answer 1

sponges, cnidarians, flatworms

Question 2

What is the body fluid of a single-celled organism that describes as a liquid-gel substance in which the various membrane systems and organelles are suspended?

Answer 2

cellular cytoplasm

Question 3

What are the two main compartments of body fluids?

Answer 3

intracellular and extracellular

Question 4

the collective fluid inside the body’s cells

Answer 4

intracellular compartment (intracellular fluid)

Question 5

the fluid outside and surrounding the cells

Answer 5

extracellular compartment (extracellular fluid)

Question 6

What are the subdivisions of the extracellular fluid?

Answer 6

• blood plasma
• interstitial (intercellular) fluid

Question 7

What are the chief extracellular electrolytes?

Answer 7

• sodium chloride
• bicarbonate ions

Question 8

What are the major intracellular electrolytes?

Answer 8

• potassium
• magnessium
• phosphate ions
• proteins

Question 9

The “blood” of invertebrates with open circulatory systems is more complex and is often called —

Answer 9

hemolymph

Question 10

a complex liquid tissue composed of plasma and formed elements or cellular components suspended in plasma.

Answer 10

blood (vertebrates)

Question 11

What are the 3 plasma proteins?

Answer 11

• albumin
• globulin
• fibrinogen

Question 12

Give the formed elements in blood (vertebrates)

Answer 12

• RBC or erythrocytes
• WBC or leukocytes
• cell fragments (platelets in mammals or thrombocytes in other vertebrates)

Question 13

A plasma protein that helps keep plasma in osmotic equilibrium with cells of the body

Answer 13

albumins

Question 14

A plasma protein that is very large and functions in blood coagulation

Answer 14

fibrinogen

Question 15

Plasma minus the proteins involved in clot formation

Answer 15

serum

Question 16

red cells form continuously from large nucleated —– in red bone marrow

Answer 16

erythroblasts

Question 17

large scavenger cells located in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen

Answer 17

macrophages

Question 18

Iron from the heme component of hemoglobin is salvaged to be used again; the rest of the heme is converted to a bile pigment called —

Answer 18

biliburin

Question 19

What are the different kinds of white blood cells?

Answer 19

• Granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils)
• Agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes)

Question 20

In vertebrates, — is the dominant hemostatic defense.

Answer 20

blood coagulation

Question 21

Thrombin is normally present in blood in an inactive form called —

Answer 21

prothrombin

Question 22

Blood circulation where the circulating fluid, blood, is confined to vessels throughout its journey through the vascular system.

Answer 22

closed circulation

Question 23

A blood circulation where there are no small blood vessels or capillaries interfacing with cells or connecting arteries with veins.

Answer 23

open circulation

Question 24

In insects and other arthropods, in most mollusks, and in many smaller invertebrate groups blood sinuses, collectively called a —, replace capillary beds found in animals with closed systems.

Answer 24

hemocoel

Question 25

What are the 2 compositions of hemocoel?

Answer 25

- primary body cavity (persistent blastocoel) - secondary coelomic cavities (hemolymph)

Question 26

In arthropods, the heart and all viscera lie in the hemocoel, bathed by blood. Blood enters the heart through valved openings called ---

Answer 26

ostia

Question 27

A ---- pumps blood into --- that branch and narrow into --- and then into a vast system of --- that interfaces with cells in body tissues. Blood leaving capillaries enters --- and then --- that return the blood to the heart.

Answer 27

- heart - arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins

Question 28

In a fish heart, the atrium is preceded by an enlarged chamber called the ----, which collects blood from the venous system to assure a smooth delivery of blood to the heart.

Answer 28

sinus venosus

Question 29

With the evolution of lungs instead of gills between the heart and aorta, vertebrates developed a high-pressure double circulation which is composed of

Answer 29

- a systemic circuit - a pulmonary circuit

Question 30

A circuit in double circulation that provides oxygenated blood to the capillary beds of the body organs

Answer 30

systemic circuit

Question 31

A circuit in double circulation that serves the lungs

Answer 31

pulmonary circuit

Question 32

a muscular organ located in the thorax and covered by a tough, fibrous sac

Answer 32

mammalian heart

Question 33

The tough, fibrous sac that covers the mammalian heart

Answer 33

pericardium

Question 34

Blood returning from the lungs flows through the ----and collects in the ----, passes into the ----, and is pumped into the body (systemic) circulation via the ----. Blood returning from the body flows through the ----- and ---- into the ---- and passes into the ---- , which pumps it into the lungs via the ----.

Answer 34

- pulmonary veins - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta - inferior (posterior) - superior(anterior) vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary arteries

Question 35

The backflow of blood in the heart is prevented by two sets of valves. These are the

Answer 35

left atrioventricular (bicuspid) and right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valves

Question 36

prevent backflow from pulmonary arteries and aorta into the ventricles.

Answer 36

semilunar valves

Question 37

Contraction is called ---, and relaxation ----

Answer 37

systole ; diastole

Question 38

volume of blood forced from either ventricle each minute

Answer 38

cardiac output

Question 39

Vertebrate cardiac muscle does not depend on nerve activity to initiate a contraction. Instead, regular contractions are established by specialized cardiac muscle cells, called

Answer 39

pacemaker cells

Question 40

In a nonavian reptile, bird, or mammal heart the pacemaker is in the ----

Answer 40

sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 41

The ---- in the brain provides external regulation to the heart and is located in the medulla

Answer 41

cardiac center

Question 42

the heart muscle requires that the heart have its own vascular supply, the ----

Answer 42

coronary circulation

Question 43

Another term for heart attack

Answer 43

myocardial infarction

Question 44

What heart beats simultaneously and involuntarily even if completely removed from the body? These are specialized muscle cells that initiate the heartbeat.

Answer 44

myogenic ("muscle origin")

Question 45

In these hearts, a cardiac ganglion (group of nerve cell bodies) located on the heart serves as a pacemaker. If this ganglion is separated from the heart, the heart stops beating, even though the ganglion itself remains rhythmically active.

Answer 45

neurogenic ("nerve origin")

Question 46

An artery that carries oxygenated blood is --- and the artery that carries the deoxygenated blood is ---

Answer 46

aorta; pulmonary artery

Question 47

An artery that can increase or decrease their diameter

Answer 47

muscular arteries

Question 48

Today, blood pressure is measured in humans with an instrument called a ----

Answer 48

sphygmomanometer.