Booklet 1 1830-1870 Background

Question 1

What was Italy like before 1830/ napoleons rule

Answer 1

• Naples was very poor and agricultural
• the central duchies were controlled by Austria (Tuscany and Moderna)
• the Papal States were controlled by the pope and the church
• the northern states were represented by Austrians
• Piedmont- “the house of savoy” controls Sardinia
• north was richer and more developed
• Rome had culturally and politically dominated Europe

Question 2

How did Napoleon take over Italy and change it?

Answer 2

• France attacked Piedmont/Sardinia in 1792
• in 1796 napoleons took over the army and in 1805 he crowned himself king
• he got rid of the old states and divided Italy into 4 kingdoms in 1798
• in 1810 he spit it into 3, 1/3 Kingdom of Italy, 1/3 an annexed to France and 1/3 was kingdom of Naples. (Sicily was owned by Britain)
• The Italians suffered a lot 26,000/27,000 soldiers died
• taxes grew for the Italians (60% was paid for the army) and the church lost a lot of land, some popes were imprisoned by the French
• the M/UC benefited as they did have to join the army
• however, the peasants benefited as Napoleon brought financial advantages
• urbanisation increased, vaccinations were introduced and there was a standardised currency

Question 3

After napoleons defeat how did the congress of Vienna change Italy again (1830)

Answer 3

• Congress of Vienna, assembly in 1814–15 that reorganized Europe after the Napoleonic Wars
  *the old rulers returned to their state allied with the church and so gained power.
• Ferdinand restored education
• Piedmont discouraged people to go to church
• the Jews weee forced into ghettos
• Piedmont was independent and ruled by savoy, it is thought that this was used as a buffer
• Lombardy, Vienna, Tuscany, Moderna, Parma were all under Austrian control
• Naples + Sicily was ruled by king Ferdinand

Question 4

What was the congress of Vienna

Answer 4

Congress of Vienna, assembly in 1814–15 that reorganized Europe after the Napoleonic Wars.

Question 5

What was life like in teh different states under the restored monarchs in 1830

Answer 5

• Tuscany and Parma progressed in education, reorganised university of Pisa and Siena and education for girls, expanded health facilities. Florence became the centre for Italian politics
• Piedmont, Papal and Sicily were all reactionary as non Nobel officers were dismissed, code Napoleon was gone, old custom barriers were introduced, church education, nobles were returned their land, zealots established a tight control over everything
• local government was in hands of priests and censorship was restored

Question 6

What political groups and organisations existed in Italy form 1815

Answer 6

• Liberal- people should have a say in government and this was best achieved through representative assembly or parliament elected by property owners. People who wanted a constitution said people who owned property could elect leaders
• radicals- had very extreme views and were prepared to use violence to have their voice heard. They wanted social reform and fairer distribution of wealth
• nationalists- believed people of the same race, language, and culture should be United and have a nation of their own, disagreement existed about the extent of the peninsula that should be unified
• monarchists- wanted to keep their king or queen
• Austrian view of political groups- entirely negative and had no intention of allowing such dangerous ideas to spread as they could threaten to break up the Austrian empire. Metternich wouldn’t allow Italy to exist because a divided peninsula under absolute rulers was easier for Austria to divide and rule

Question 7

What happened in the revolutions of 1820-1821

Answer 7

• the 1820 revolution began in Sicily and in Naples, against King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, who was forced to make concessions and promise a constitutional monarchy.
• This success inspired Carbonari in the north of Italy to revolt too. 30 carbonari members advanced on town arellino
• Ferdinand promised to meet rebels demands and gave the vote to all men, limiting the kings power and abolished Nobel’s power
• in Sicily people were fighting for independence form Naples, riots took place in Palermo with a demand for a constitution, this resulted in release of prisoners and Napoleonic government were sent home.
• in Piedmont Revolution broke out of carbonari, uni students, army officers and liberals they declared independence from Italy and declared war on Austria but they were defeated the forces in battle of novora in 1821

Question 8

Why did the 1820s revolutions fail

Answer 8

• too small
• too localised
• uncoordinated
• they were secret
• Austrians squashed the revolutions
• they need forge in help but didn’t have any

Question 9

How serious was the threat to the Austrians form political groups and secret societies

Answer 9

• as they were scattered around they could influence more people in different states leading to nationalism
• as they were secret they were difficult to find so more ideas were spread
• only local/ small so Austrians could defeat them easily
• as most of these secret societies were radical ideas many people didn’t want them

Question 10

What were secret societies

Answer 10

•small societies that concealed their memberships and locations. After 1815 they aimed to overthrow the restored monarchs and drive out the Austrians

Question 11

What were the main secret societies (3)

Answer 11

• the carbonari- best known and active in the south, 60,000 members in Naples which was about 5% of the adult males. Also spread to the papal states and Piedmont. They were fighting to gain constitutions and more rights from the monarchs
• federati and Aldefi: mainly in the north. Federati was led by the Milanese noblemen federico confalonieri. The society favoured constitutional government but its programme was more moderate than that of the carbonari, but it was just as anti-Austrian.
• spillo Negro- in the Papal States, little is known about them other then they were anti-austrian and against the repression of the re-established papal rule. They wanted more liberal ideas.

Question 12

Strengths of secret societies

Answer 12

• well educated
• prepared to risk their lives
• the carbonari in particular has a lot of members

Question 13

Weaknesses of secret societies

Answer 13

• viewed as dangerous
• unprepared to work together
• little was known about spillo negro
• they never met with political leaders

Question 14

What were the barriers to unification by 1830?

Social

Answer 14

• poverty created gaps between upper and lower classes
• different languages
• different history
• Sicily was used by traders as a port and was very multicultural.
• Sicily wants to be separate
• upper class would loose more form unification
• repressive states

Question 15

What were the barriers to unification by 1830?

Economic

Answer 15

• Austrian empire taxes them heavily
• south was much poorer
• Lombardy was economically advanced
• north had easier trade with Europe
• the south made money through agriculture but were very behind and weren’t industrialised.
• the south didn’t have free trade in the peninsula
• trade measures and weights were economic issues
• wasn’t a standard currency
• the north’s economy and the south’s was so different at this stage that the north didn’t want to and it was almost impossible and unnecessary to include the south

Question 16

What were the barriers to unification by 1830?

Political

Answer 16

• different legal systems
• no one wanted to go against the Austrians because they were so powerful
• no foreign help came which is what Italy needed to help them beat Austria as tehir army was to big
• northern states couldn’t converse with southern states so they weren’t aware that they all had similar views
• in Sicily they had a monarchy so would be difficult to work out who woudk rule
• different laws so changing them so suddenly would cause confusion

Question 17

What were the political, social, and economic features of the Italian states by 1830?
Piedmont Sardinia

Answer 17

• reactionary state
• very enlightened and developed
• Turin was economically advanced with banks
• strong army
• effective established government which repealed the code Napoleon
• free open trials abolished

Question 18

What were the political, social, and economic features of the Italian states by 1830?
Lombardy/Venetia

Answer 18

• reactionary states
• direct Austrian control in 1814
• compulsory education
• Lombardy was economically and culturally advanced. In 1815 it was the richest Italian province
• heavily taxed and conscripted and the state provided 1/4 of Austrians revenue

Question 19

What were the political, social, and economic features of the Italian states by 1830?
Parma/Moderna/Tuscany

Answer 19

• reactionary and progressional
• Parma/Moderna: controlled by Papal States
• returned to pre Napoleonic era
• Tuscany: improved education especially girls, better health
• freedom of expression, large population, cultural towns

Question 20

What were the political, social, and economic features of the Italian states by 1830?
The kingdoms of two Scillies

Answer 20

• reactionary state
• absolute monarchy, feudal, king Ferdinand, no say in government, oppressive
• variety of cultures, less schools
• suffered from diseases like malaria and famine due to poor harvests, very poor

Question 21

What were the political, social, and economic features of the Italian states by 1830?
Papal States

Answer 21

• reactionary
• Austrian control, zealots established control on the government and education
• everyone was Catholic, no communication developments
• economically poor and pre industrial
• south looked for south support and north looked for north support

Question 22

How did the church help the idea of unification by 1830

Answer 22

• the Austrians helped protect the poor in the Papal States
• 97% of Italian people were Roman Catholic so they would be unified
• everyone went to church on Sundays so priests or peasants could spread their ideas each week

Question 23

How did the church hinder the idea of unification by 1830

Answer 23

• they punished anyone who questioned the church which would cause people to hate their leaders and so hinder unification
• the Papal States wee economically poor because of the church
• the church was conservative and didn’t want change
• zealots established tight controls on the government, education, culture and politics in the Papal States
• the church were close with Austria and Austria still had power of the state which stopped people wanting to unify with the other states, they followed the popes rule and he was an ally with Austria who wanted Italian control
• zealots attacked people who challenged the church

Question 24

What factors prevented political progress in Italy after 1815?
Political apathy

Answer 24

• means people weren’t involved in politics and didn’t want to be
• people were more worried about living
• people were uneducated and didn’t believe Italy was United so they worried about their own state
• wide spread illiteracy and poverty
• patriotism meant being loyal to the state not the whole country or people

Question 25

What factors prevented political progress in Italy after 1815?
Language

Answer 25

• lots of different languages were spoken, French was spoken in Piedmont and Latin was the official language of the Papal States, Austrian ruled ones spoke German
• hindered communication

Question 26

What factors prevented political progress in Italy after 1815?
Roman Catholicism

Answer 26

• The church had lots of influence after 1815, especially in the kingdom of the two Sicilys.
• superstition and fear of the very good was rude in the south
• in Papal State church law was the state law and was impinged on every subject. In Piedmont/Sardinia the church had full control over education and ran its own law courts.

Question 27

What factors prevented political progress in Italy after 1815?
Austria

Answer 27

• it was a system of control, they had undercover police, prisons and public bearings to keep people under control and stop rebellions fighting for unification.
• Metternich maintained an Austrian minister at each court
• the duke of Tuscany and modern plus the king of Piedmont were all cousins of the empire and the pope relied on Austria for protection

Question 28

What factors prevented political progress in Italy after 1815?
The great powers

Answer 28

• 1815 ‘Holy Alliance’ with Austria didn’t want petty rulers, Russia and Prussia hated anything like revolutions.
• Britain and France would have been more sympathetic but weren’t in a state to help
• didn’t want Austria to loose power other wise the balance of Europe is unbalanced

Question 29

Reasons for why the political groups were ineffective in moves towards unification between 1815 and 1830:
Nationalism, liberalism, radicalism

Answer 29

• some were violent
• liberalism wanted a monarchy but the others didn’t, split ideas
• countries had rule over governments and Austria didn’t want change
• conservatives were old fashioned liberals
• different languages in each government
• some areas didn’t want to be unified

Question 30

Background information of the 1830-1832 revolutions

Answer 30

• the first revolutions were in 1820 in Naples, Sicily and Piedmont which had failed due to Austrian power
• after the Revolution in France in 1830 where Charles X abdicated and was replaced by the more liberal Louis-Philippa Italian revolutionaries hoped he would support the revolutions in Italy therefore disturbances broke out in Modena, Parma, and Papal States
• their aims were to gain a constitution (people have a say in the government)

Question 31

What happened in the 1830/32 revolutions in Modena and Parma

Answer 31

• revolts were led by Enrico Misley, he entrusted his ruler Duke Francis IV with plans to unite Italy, free from Austria control with Francis as king
• Francis betrayed his and had hun arrested then went to Austria to ask for help if any further revolts happened
• in his absence revolutions took place and established a provisional government
• a joint army was commanded between Moderna and Parma
• however within a month Francis IV returned with the head of an Austrian army and quickly defeated the revolutionaries. Rebels were imprisoned, exiled or executed. The same happened in Parma

Question 32

What happened in the 1830/32 revolutions in the Papal States

Answer 32

• similar revolts to Parma and Modena by the professional classes who hated the rule of the church
• a provisional government known as ‘the government of the Italian provinces’ was formed in Bologna in 1831 which promised an elected assembly, reformed finance system and a fairer legal system
• however, the Austrians moved in and defeated the rebels, minor uprisings continued but they were violently suppressed by the Austrians

Question 33

What were the reasons for the failure of the 1830/32 revolutions

Answer 33

• local affairs not national
• no organisation between states
• too reliant on small secret societies such as the carbonari
• revolutionaries were mainly moderate and didn’t use violence
• revolts were mainly middle class
• divided aims
• Austria didn’t want any constitutions granted and had military strength
• France weren’t interested in helping
• no weapons available for the poor

Question 34

What was the Risorgimento

Answer 34

• 19th century movement for Italian unification that culminated in the establishment of the kingdom of Italy in 1861.
• the Risorgimento was an ideological and literary movement that helped to arouse the national consciousness of the Italian people and it led to a series of political events that freed the Italian states form foreign domination and United them politically

Question 35

What were the cultural influences of the Risorgimento

Answer 35

• literature: I promessi sponsi by Manson I was based on past glory and patriotism, books and players were used to avoid censorship but to deliver an anti-Austrian message
• music: Rossinis ‘William tell’ delivered a patriotic theme
• painters: the Macchiaioli was born during the 1840s probably as a direct consequence of the Risorgimento, a movement whose dream was to unite the Italian peninsula under one government. Artists such as Fattori and Lega were prominent members
• organisations: national consciences was created by national meetings such as the congress degli scienziata which met between 1839-1847. They used Italian at the meetings and allowed for moderate nationalist opinion.

Question 36

What were the social and economic division by the 1840s.

Answer 36

• the greatest divisions were between the wealthier classes and the poor masses
• constitutional change was unimportant and daily survival mattered
• there were diverse languages, lack of education and communication
• agriculture still dominated, farming was inefficient and vulnerable to foreign competition
• peasants suffered between 1820-1840 from poor harvests and took part in riots and disorders
• there was economic development in the north, but this led to overcrowding, poor housing and terrible conditions in the cities. Life expectancy was low as a result of fall of living standards, life expectancy in Naples was 24 in 1840s
• before 1848 Italians were nowhere near ready to make their own destiny

Question 37

Who was to blame for the lack of movement towards national unity by the 1840s?
Austria

Answer 37

• they were very controlling and they had undercover police which meant people were scared to discuss new ideas
• there were prisons and public beatings used as a deterrent to stop Italians from reforming
• the Austrians would not allow political groups
• they banned propaganda
• violent

Question 38

Who was to blame for the lack of movement towards national unity by the 1840s?
Italians themselves

Answer 38

• high social divided between wealthy and poor
• they were more worried about actually surviving than constitutional change
• they had different languages, lack of education and communication
• the poor resisted change
• before 1848 the Italians were nowhere near ready to make their own destiny
• living standards were low

Question 39

What was the contribution of Mazzini to the movement for change in Italy between 1830 and 1847

Answer 39

• His ideas: Mazzini believed in the creation of a nation state based on democracy. He thought the way to achieve this was through national Revolution. He was a republican. “The fatherland of an Italian is not Rome, Florence or Milan but they whole of Italy”
• the young Italy movement: the movements ideas were spread form Marseilles in France. In 1831 Mazzini wrote to the king of Piedmont asking him to put his head in the movement but he didn’t respond.

Question 40

What was Mazzini successes

Answer 40

• he gave tremendous impetus to unification and nobody campaigned as long and as hard as he did
  -60,000
• he was a great organiser of proper hands and made Italian unification more talked about. He wrote thousands of letters and articles which were smuggled into Italy
• he converted many to the cause eg/ garibaldi who supported Mazzini in Genoa in 1831.
• he created young Italy which kept the calls for unity alive

Question 41

What was Mazzini failures

Answer 41

• moderate liberals looked upon him as a dangerous radical which highlighted Italian divides
• his attitudes would stop Italy getting support form France
• his ideas about redistributing wealth alienated the rich
• his ideas were to intellectual for the masses
• he was absent form Italy for long periods of time (40 years)
• he knew very little about the peasants and made very little contact with them
• his revolts failed in 1821 and 1831 and the Bandeira brothers invasion of Calabria in 1844 resulted in their deaths

Question 42

Who were the alternatives to mazzinian republicanism by 1848
Balbo and the rule of Charles Albert

Answer 42

• in Piedmont, moderate nationalists under the lead of count Cesare Balbo believed their state should lead other Italian states against the Austrians
• Balbo believed Piedmont was strong enough to reclaim Lombardy and Venetia from the Austrians and create some sort of Italian union. During the late 1830s a monarchist group called the albertisti had developed; Charles Albert had introduced legal administration, financial and military reforms and extended the university of Turin.
• he also planned larger improvements to the railway network. Charles Albert woudk be the new king although there was disagreement about wether the union should be the whole of Italy do just the north

Question 43

Who were the alternatives to mazzinian republicanism by 1848

Gioberti and the reforms of Pius IX

Answer 43

• gioberti was an exiled Piedmontese theologian and philosopher who wrote the ‘primato’ in 1843 which sold 5000 copies. He beloved that the Catholic Church and the pope should head a National revival. He wanted a federation of national states with the pope as president. Pius IX was the new pope, he was widely believed to have liberal tendencies but he was weak minded and suffered mood swings.
• in 1846/47 Pius freed 2000 political prisoners, he refined education, the law and papal administration.
• He ended press censorship and allowed Jews out of the ghetto. He allowed rome a constitution to replace papal rule and created an elected body of advisors called the consulta

Question 44

Who were the alternatives to mazzinian republicanism by 1848

Massing d’Azeglio

Answer 44

An intellectual writer who witnessed attempted revolution against the pope and Austria in the Papal States. He believed that the events in the Papal States confirmed that the leader possible of uniting Italy was Charles Albert. He believed Italian freedom would come form ruling classes which was opposite to Mazzini

Question 45

Was nationalism widespread in Italy before 1848?

Yes

Answer 45

• the writings and cultural changes taking place could be considered national revival
• the cultural revival spread a national language (Tuscan language)
• nationalism grew stronger in the face of foreign rule
• many were encouraged to follow the teachings of Mazzini
• there were rebellions all over states

Question 46

Was nationalism widespread in Italy before 1848?

No

Answer 46

• rebels were often uncertain about their aims
• a lot of teh rebellions failed
• national unity was rarely considered before the 1840s
• nationalism never effected the mass of Italian people
• the supporters were mainly middle class intellectuals and only a small minority rebelled
• it wasn’t until the 1840s that Italians shared a national language
• membership of the Italian societies was small

Question 47

What were the causes of the 1848 revolutions:

Social discontent and economic problems

Answer 47

• the hunger and poverty of the lower classes in 1848 served as the central spark of Revolution
• 90% or the population worked the land, mostly tenant subsistence farming, it was inefficient and vulnerable to foreign competition
• the peasants lost communal land to the wealthy
• these factors led to more riots and protests in both rural and industrial areas
• living standards declined in towns after 1810
• outbreaks of cholera in 1836 led to 65,000 deaths in Sicily which they blamed on their rulers in Naples

Question 48

What were the causes of the 1848 revolutions:

Growth of nationalism

Answer 48

• Mazzini- wanted social reform and he was a revolutionary nationalist and a republican
• Balbo- believed Piedmont should lead other Italian states
• gioberti- believed the Catholic Church should lead other states
• Azeglio- wanted Charles Albert to lead states instead of the church
• secret societies- spread the idea of unification and created revolutions
• cultural influences of the Risorgimento- believed they should all speak the same language

Question 49

What were the causes of the 1848 revolutions:

Growth of liberalism

Answer 49

• the state of Piedmont/Sardinia had a more modern liberal government
• Turin and Genoa demanded a constitution
• Charles Albert presented the ‘statuto’ in 1847, this gave radicals and reformers of Italy civil rights to stand on
• liberals were given more confidence to resist the restored rulers and Austrians
• in 1846/47 Pius freed 2000 political prisoners, he refined education, the law and papal administration. He ended press censorship

Question 50

What were the causes of the 1848 revolutions:

Unpopularity of the Austrians

Answer 50

• anti Austrian feelings was one issue that nationalists agreed on and promoted
• areas under direct rule such as the kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia resented high taxation, at the time roughly 1/3 of Austria’s tax revenues came form these two states
• tensions started in 1847, when Austrian troops occupied the papal town of Ferrara, causing the pope to lodge a formal protest against the Austrian government
• in 1848, Pius denied the Austrians the right to cross the papal states while asking the lord to bless ‘Italia’

Question 51

What were the causes of the 1848 revolutions:

Reforms of Pius IX

Answer 51

• Pius made steps towards a unified Italy by questioning the country Justice system, recruiting a council of lay advisors and entering a customs union with Tuscany and Piedmont
• this promoted free trade among members and common tariffs among non members. This inspired change in other states such as the abolition of press censorship in Piedmont

Question 52

What happened in January 1848 with the revolutions

Answer 52

• Ferdinand II repression and cholera outbreak leaves Sicilians in a desperate state, notices go up in Palermo saying Revolution will begin. Clashes then began with troops, peasants arrived in Sicily to support uprisings. 5000 army reinforcements arrived. Soon the city is taken over and the restoration of the 1812 constitution is demanded.
• the word of Sicilian Revolution reaches Salerno which was racked with famine ignites risings launched by secret societies. Public records are burned and a few bourbon officials are killed. Ferdinand yielded after the massive demonstration and appointed a more liberal ministry led by Nicola maresca

Question 53

What is the Italian statuto

Answer 53

Italian constitution

Question 54

What happened in February 1848 in the revolutions

Answer 54

• Ferdinand grants a conservative constitution
• Grand Duke Leopold grants an equally conservative constitution in Tuscany
• the pope issued a constitution for the Papal States

Question 55

What happened in March 1848 in the revolutions

Answer 55

• Charles Albert grants the statuto which created a constitutional monarch and improved freedoms and rights of the people
• Revolution breaks out in Vienna and Matternich resigns
• following a boycott of tabacco, the Milanese begin ‘the five glorious days’ where 10,000 people sign a petition for liberal reforms to teh Austrian Governor General in Milan. Barricades are thrown up with anti Austrian forces on one side and troops on the other. Lombardy asks Piedmont for an alliance for protection form Austrian black lash of the Austrian army in the quadrilateral
• Venetian republic is declared and asks Piedmont and Charles Albert for an alliance against Austria
• Charles Albert declares war on Austria and invaded Lombardy. Troops from all over Italy go to Lombardy to help. Eg/ Naples led by pepe and army from the palled states led by Durando

Question 56

What happened in April 1848 with the revolutions

Answer 56

• Revolutionaries have taken over most of the island and middle class moderates have established a provisional government
• Pius issues his allocation starting with the war with Austria which doesn’t have his blessings which weakens Charles Alberts position as many of his Catholic soldiers don’t want to go against the pope
• a parliament is elected and decanted Sicily and Naples are totally separated

Question 57

What happened in may 1848 with the revolutions

Answer 57

•Charles Albert takes Peschiera and wins the battle of Goita. However, 30,000 French troops have amassed on piedmonts border and there are big divisions in his own troops who don’t trust each other because of regional loyalty. Charles Albert refuses to accept an recruits to his army who won’t swear loyalty to Piedmont

Question 58

What happened in august 1848 in the revolutions

Answer 58

•signing of armistice of Salasco in Lombardy which expelled the Piedmontese from Lombardy
•

Question 59

What was the result of the 1848-1849 revolutions:

Answer 59

• Austrians military dominance was as strong as ever. The Venetian republic came under tighter Austrian control, revolutionary spirit in most areas had been destroyed
• Victor Emmanuel II succeeded his father in March 1949, the statuto remained as Austrians pressured hun to keep it as they feared that is the statuto was removed then the people may rise up against VE and possibly even Austria itself. Also Austria wouldn’t have full control of a state so close to France as it may threatened them.
• Mazzini had failed to reach out to the peasants and had very little appeal. He wanted national unity in Italy with one central government and locally elected authorities. He didn’t put his ideas into practice and didn’t involve the peasants. He gained very few revolutionaries as his ideas were to radical and only aimed at middle class, and so his ideas failed
• in 1849 the pope excommunicated all who tried to reduce the temporal power of the papacy and in 1850 he returned to Rome and denounced all of his earlier reforms. He was now supported by 20,000 French troops in Rome.