Booklet 1: Political Issues 1900-1914 Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
S. Rowntree’s First Report: When and What it Concluded
A
Poverty: A Study of Town Life (1901)
That wages paid for unskilled work in York are insufficient to provide food, shelter and clothing adequate to maintain a family of moderate size in a state of bare physical efficiency.
2
Q
Conservative Party Beliefs and Policies
A
The need to maintain traditions and existing institutions in society. This included the structure of parliament, political system and the order of society and institutions of the church.
The preservation of the British Empire.
Party roots of aristocracy.
Conservatism was more right-wing.
3
Q
Liberal Party Beliefs and Policies
A
Considered more left-wing.
Strong belief in personal freedoms as the best way to maintain the welfare of individuals and the nation.
More liberals believed in tackling inequality in society.
Strong belief in minimal state interference/intervention, including minimal taxation.
4
Q
Key Conservative Supporters
A
Unionists
Aristocrats
Middle and Upper Class
5
Q
Key Liberal Supporters
A
Working Class
Made up of different party factions: The ‘Whig’ party, The ‘Peelites’, The Independent Radicals, Non-Comformists, and Chartists.
The diversity of the Liberal party meant that they had to not offend different factions in the party surrounding key issues like Irish Home Rule.
6
Q
Who was Prime Minister before 1902?
A
Lord Salisbury
7
Q
Who succeeded Lord Salisbury in 1902?
A
Balfour
8
Q
What is protectionism/Tariff Reform?
A
The economic theory that the best way to protect domestically produced goods is to introduce taxes on imported goods. This would make imports more expensive and the domestic products more desirable/attractive.
9
Q
What is free trade?
A
The economic theory that countries should be able to trade freely between each other, with the removal of import and export taxes.
10
Q
Which Conservative MP suggested a policy of Tariff Reform?
A
Joseph Chamberlain - MP for Birmingham. Conducted a speech there in May 1903.
11
Q
Why did Chamberlain suggest tariff reform?
A
He supported a system of imperial preference which was designed to bring economic integration of the Empire.
12
Q
Tariff reform caused a ______ in the Conservative party?
A
DIVIDE
13
Q
Pros of Tariff Reform
A
Domestic products more desirable
Money raised from import taxes could be used to fund social reforms and help modernise Britain and British industry.
Economic integration of the Empire.
Eradicates worries surrounding foreign competition.
14
Q
Cons of Tariff Reform
A
Divided the Conservative Party
United the Liberals in Opposition
Would make imported goods more expensive.
The prices of products imported that weren’t accessible from the Empire (e.g bread) would be more expensive.
15
Q
Why did tariff reform cause divide in the Conservative Party?
A
Some party members supported the idea but Balfour didn’t want to alienate those who still believed in Free Trade.
16
Q
Which high ranking Conservative MP left cabinet as a result of the policy of Tariff Reform?
A
Duke of Devonshire
17
Q
When did Balfour resign?
A
1905
18
Q
Who is appointed PM after Balfour’s resignation in 1905? And what political party does he belong to?
A
Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman
Liberal party.
19
Q
Why did Balfour resign?
A
He thought that forcing the Liberals into office it would expose their internal differences/divisions in an attempt to humiliate them.
20
Q
Why did Balfour’s resignation strategy backfire?
A
In the 1906 election, Balfour lost his seat with an election triumph for the Liberals - 400 seats, a majority.
The Conservatives - 157 seats
21
Q
Why did the Conservatives lose the January 1906 general election?
A
Taff Vale Case
Controversy of Tariff Reform
Scandal in South Africa concerning Chinese immigrant workers, dubbed as ‘Chinese Slavery’ by the press - helped to reawaken the scandal of concentration camps for Boer civilians - Liberals able to portray The Conservatives as exploiters.
22
Q
When does Chamberlain resign and why?
A
September 1903 - in order to carry on a full-time campaign for Tariff Reform
23
Q
What does Chamberlain establish after his resignation?
A
Tariff Reform League
24
Q
Education Act of 1902
A
✅Reorganised education
✅Allowed state provision for secondary schools
⛔️included catholic schools - Non-conformists disliked their taxes going to pay for education of other faiths.
25
Licensing Act of 1904
✅Allowed brewers and pub owners to be compensated if their license was not renewed.
⛔️The government were accused of siding with the brewers and investors in the drink trade.
⛔️Against clean-living and God-Fearing
⛔️controversy as many non-conformists objected to paying compensation to a trade they thought of as immoral.
26
Taff Vale Judgement 1901
Imposed by the House of Lords
⛔️Threatened the ability of any union to go on strike - considered very undemocratic.
⛔️Workers can be sued by employers for going on strike, for loss of earnings; incurred a strike where there had been unlawful picketing.
⛔️People could not go on strike.
27
‘Chinese Slavery’
✅Solved another economic problem of transporting Chinese Labourers to South Africa to not have a shortage of workers in the gold mines.
⛔️Importation of 50,000 Chinese Labourers
⛔️Slave-like Conditions: long working hours and very little pay
⛔️Revelations of poor health and immoral living caused outrage in Britain.
⛔️The government planned to undercut wages and make all working immigrants into slaves.
28
‘Chinese Slavery’ (2)
There was a humanitarian outcry and this issue was exploited by the Liberal opposition. Little was done to improve Labourers working conditions.
29
Reforms in Ireland
✅The Conservative Irish Land Act of 1903 - made loans available cheaply to those who wanted to buy their own land, supported by tenants and landlords.
✅landowners were seen as the key to peace with Ireland. It was seen that if more people owned their own farms, they would be more likely to oppose political change.
⛔️Conservative Party opposed Irish Home Rule - saw that the creation of an independent Catholic nation would pose a threat to protestantism - religious conflict.
30
Why did the Liberals win in 1906?
(1)
Conservative division over tariff reform, which united the liberals with a clear political direction of FREE TRADE > cheap food attracted voters.
31
Why did the Liberals win in 1906?
(2)
They had dynamic figures like Asquith, known for his public opposition of tariff reform, and had younger politicians like David Lloyd George, and Winston Churchill.
32
Why did the Liberals win in 1906?
(3)
Non-conformists were outraged at Balfour’s administration policies of the Education Act (1902) and the Licensing Act (1904). The non-conformists played a leading role in mobilising opinion against th conservatives.
33
Why did the Liberals win in 1906?
(4)
LIBLAB PACT - a political tactic where in 1903, Liberals were to not oppose Labour candidates in certain seats and vice versa, resulting in 29 ‘Lib Lab’ MPs and showing their commitment to assist the working class.
34
Why did the Liberals win in 1906?
(5)
Boer War (1899-1902) and the British invention of concentration camps. Revelations about the Boer War and civilians reduced the popular enthusiasm for imperialism that led to the Conservative victory in 1900.
Chinese Slavery Issue - this gave the liberals a powerful moral issue to unite behind, which attracted support.
35
Why did the Liberals win in 1906?
(6)
Taff Vale Judgement (1901) and the conservative failure to pass legislation to protect the right to strike.
Rise of New Liberalism -attraction.
A result of high poverty.
36
When was the TUC formed?
1868 - gained the rights to picket during strikes, however the Trade Unions were less political and mainly about worker’s pay and conditions.
37
Expansion of Trade Unions in 1889:
Included representation for unskilled workers too - TUC reached 2 million members by 1900. They became more radical and socialist.
38
Example of Middle Class Support
Fabian society -1884; left-wing intellectuals and socialists. Included Beatrice & Sidney Webb, George Bernard Shaw and HG Wells.
39
1867 Reform Act
Enabler more working class to vote (after a property qualification)
40
Creation of the ILP (Independent Labour Party)
Bradford Conference 1893 - Fabians, SDF, Labour clubs and some Trade Unions attended, formed the ILP.
Led by Keir Hardie
41
Key ideas of the ILP
Radical Liberalism, Trade Unionism and Non-Conformity.
42
Why had a united Labour party started to grow by 1900?
(1)
Closer relationship between Trade Unions and ILP - more ILP members were elected to local councils, therefore the TUC started investing in ILP candidates to attempt to get them into parliament.
43
Why had a united Labour party started to grow by 1900?
(2)
LRC (Labour Representative Committee) est. In 1900 - this was a meeting between members of the SDF, ILP, FABIAN SOCIETY, TRADE UNIONISTS + Ramsay MacDonald as secretary.
44
Why had a united Labour Party started to grow by 1900?
(3)
Taff Vale Case 1901/2:
Railway Workers/Union had to pay compensation for striking & economic losses. This meant that workers and Trade Unions could no longer go on strike - viewed as undemocratic. Workers would need representation in Parliament to change the law.
45
Why had a united Labout party started to grow by 1900?
(4)
LRC had a fund of £5000 -> financial support to Labour MPs.
Lib-Lab Pact: Liberals would not put up a candidate where the LRC were likely to win (& vice versa).
In the 1906 General Election 30 LRC MPs were elected and adopted the name ‘Labour Party’.
46
Keir Hardie’s Early Career
Became Secretary of the Scottish Miners’ Federation in 1886.
Established the Independent Labour Party in 1893, and became its leader.
47
Keir Hardie’s later career
Played a major role in est of the LRC.
Became first chairman and leader of the Labour Party officially formed in 1906.
Enthusiast for education
Advocate for women’s rights, and the right to vote.
48
1. When did Keir Hardie retire from the role of chairman of the Labour Party?
2. Why did he retire?
1. 1914
2. His pacifist views contradicted the aspect of war.
49
When did Keir Hardie resign from being the leader of the Labour Party?
1908
50
When did Kier Hardie die?
1915
51
Successes of Labour: (1)
Trades Disputes Act of 1906
This act reversed the Taff Vale decision of 1901 and ensured that trade unions involved in strike action would be protected by law from being sued for damages.
52
Successes of Labour:(2)
Significance of the Trades Disputes Act of 1906
Evidence of Labour influence in parliament. The bill offered full immunity, Campbell-Bannerman (Liberal PM) accepted is it fitted his own view.
Positive influence on Liberals.
53
Successes of Labour: (3)
The Education (Provision of Meals) Act 1906
A Labour MP brought forward a Private Members Bill proposing Local Education Authorities use rate money to provide meals for ‘needy’ children. The liberal government seized the proposal and incorporated it into government policy.
54
Problems Labour Faced: (1)
1909 - Osborne Judgement
This made political contributions illegal. This is a problem for the Labour party as trade unions cannot fund the Labour party. Labour MPs were working class so had no money. These contributions were part of the subscription paid by members of trade unions that were allocated for political purposes.
55
Problems Labour Faced:(2)
Elections of 1910
Number of seats gradually decreases
JAN 1910 - 45 MPs
DEC 1910 - 42 MPs
1914 - 36MPs
Faced political stagnancy in a two party system.
56
Problems Labour Faced:(3)
Lack of Commitment to Socialism and troubled relations with Trade Unions
1. Many in the movement disliked the alliance with the Liberals and wanted a more overt socialist programme
2. All labour could do was to support Liberal measures of social reforms and Opposition to House of Lords.
3. LIBLAB Pact causes tension between Labour party and trade unions - divided support.
57
The ‘Triple Alliance’
Amalgamation of trade unions for Transport workers, railway workers, and miners were involved in strike action from 1911-1914.
Intended to put pressure on employers and the government.
58
Strike Action between 1910-1913
(1)
1910- strike in Tonypandy, South Wales led to 1 death and 500 injured. Rioting and attacks on Jewish owned shops.
Over 2000 British army troops were ordered in South Wales to stop the unrest and support the local police. The wave of strikes went on for 10 months.
59
Strike Action between 1910-1913
(2)
Triple Alliance of Miners, Railway workers and Transport Workers -organisation in 1914, ratified in 1915.
In 1913 -> 1500 different strikes occurred.
Irish Transport and General Workers’ Federation, Miners Federation of Great Britain and the Building Workers Industrial Union.
1.3 Million members -> strikes affected vital power supplies and communication.
60
Strike Action between 1910-1913
(3)
Railway Strike of 1911
Mines Act of 1912 - legislation passed as a result of strikes.
1913 Trade Union Act - reversed the Osborne Judgement of 1909. Labour can now receive political contributions.
61
1.When did the first national pit strike occur?
2. What were workers demanding for?
3. What did the government respond with?
1. 1912 February to April
2. National minimum wage
3. Minimum Wage Act for Mining
62
By: (1)1910 (2)1914
what was the percentage of trade unions membership?
1. 17%
2. 25%
63
In (1)1904 and (2)1913
How many women were trade union members?
1. 126,000
2. 431,000
64
The Disraeli Doctrine
He argued that the Lords should only use its veto or power for amendments bills in certain circumstances:
When opinion in the commons was very divided and the bill had only passed with a small majority
Public opinion was clearly against the proposal
The issue would result in such fundamental change that no government should be allowed to make such changes without asking the voters first in a general election.
65
1906 Education Bill
Proposed that all Church of England schools should be taken over by local authorities, who would then appoint teachers without requiring any religious tests.
The Catholic church were offered a more focused religious education.
The Lords rejected the bill.
66
The Lords also rejected which other two bills?
Bill to end plural voting
Bill aimed at further restricting the sale and consumption of alcohol.
67
The People’s Budget and its proposals: (1)
April 1909 - introduced to pay for social reform and defence
•Raise income tax on incomes over £3000 per annum from 9d to 1s 2d and introduce an additional tax on incomes over £5000 per annum
•Increase duties on spirits, tobacco, liquor licences and stamp duties.
•Increase death duties on estates valued between £5000 to £1 million
68
The People’s Budget and its proposals:(2)
•Introduce land taxes on the increased value of land when it changed hands (20%), the annual value of land (1s in the £), the annual value of land leased to mining companies (1s in the £)
•Set up a road maintenance fund by taxing petrol and introducing licences for motor vehicles
•Introduce child allowances of £10 per year for children under 16, payable to families with an annual income of less than £500.
69
Opposition to People’s Budget:
Conservative Budget Protest League -> a British pressure group formed in June 1909 led by Walter Long to oppose David Lloyd George’s ‘People’s Budget’ outside of Parliament.
70
1. When does Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman die? 2. And what Liberal replaces him?
1. 1908
2. Asquith becomes PM
(David Lloyd George - Chancellor of the Exchequer)
71
Support for The People’s Budget:
Liberal Budget League: a British pressure group firmed in 1909 by Whinston Churchill to publicly campaign in favour of David Lloyd George’s Peoples Budget in reaction to the activities of the Budget Protest League
72
First Constitutional Crisis: (1)
1. When did the House of Lords reject the People’s Budget?
2. Controversy?
1. November 1909 - ‘vetoed’ the budget.
2. The House of Lords was not meant to interfere in ‘money bills’ (through convention). As the government now had no authority to collect taxes, they had to call for a general election.
73
First Constitutional Crisis: (2)
1. When was the General Election and 2. what was the result?
1. January 1910 - liberal campaign on the issue of democracy and against the power of non-elected hereditary House of Lords.
2. Liberals lost their parliamentary majority from 1906 but still won: 275
Conservative: 273
Irish Nationalists: 84
Labour: 40
The liberals had to rely on support of the Irish Nationalists to pass the budget. Due to this majority the Lords had to pass the budget.
74
Second Constitutional Crisis: (1)
1. When and 2. What was the Parliament Bill?
1. 1910
2. To reduce the power of the House of Lords, so they are unable to keep vetoing bills from the House of Commons.
75
Second Constitutional Crisis: (2)
1. When and 2. What was Asquiths proposal to King George V?
1. May 1910
2. Asquith persuaded the King to threaten to create more liberal peers in the House of Lords in order to pass the Parliament Bill. The king agreed but insisted another general election be held on the issue.
76
Second Constitutional Crisis: (3)
1. When was the SECOND general election held? and 2. what were the results?
1. December 1910
2. Liberals: 272
Conservatives: 272
Irish Nationalists: 84
Labour: 42
77
Second Constitutional Crisis: (4)
1. When was the Parliament bill passed in the HOC?
2: When was the Parliament bill passed in the HOL?
1. MAY 1911
2. AUGUST 1911
78
The Parliament Act 1911:
•The HOL couldn’t interfere with ‘money bills’
•The HOL could only veto/block bills for up to 2 years, after that it would become law.
•There was to be 5 years between general elections
79
Why did the HOL not want to pass the People’s budget?
They didn’t agree with the redistribution of money to lower classes and the taxation of upper classes. They thought that David Lloyd George’s People Budget was a step towards socialism which went against the traditional British political ideology.
80
Why did the HOL not want to pass the Parliament Bill?
It would lower their power and reduce their influence on law-making. The HOL were given an ultimatum of facing nee liberals in the Lords, proposed by the King and the Liberal government.
81
How did the Parliament Act change democracy and the social class hierarchy in Britain?
It allowed for the democratically elected house to have the ruling power by reducing the Lords power so that the Liberals could pass bills without Unionist/Conservative bias due to the Unionist majority in the Lords, making Britains democracy impactful on law/decision-making in parliament.
82
1. When was the NUWSS formed? And 2. who was it led by?
1. 1897
2. Millicent Fawcett
(National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies)
83
1. When was the WSPU formed? And 2. by who?
1. 1903
2. Emmeline Pankhurst, and her daughters (Sylvia and Christabel)
(Women’s Social and Political Union)
84
List the methods of militancy and social disruption the WSPU used to garner political attention
•disrupting postal offices
•burning public buildings
•attacking church of england buildings
•holding illegal demonstrations
•burning politicians unoccupied homes
•smashing windows on private and governmental property
•disrupting the 1911 census
•planting bombs
•disrupting political meetings
•ruining male-only clubs
•chaining themselves to property
•attacks on work of art
85
A demonstration in 1908 saw how many activists?
300,000 -> largest turnout in British history
86
Christabel Pankhurst and Annie Kenney were arrested for 1. what and 2. when?
1. Disturbing a political meeting
2. 1905
87
When did the hunger strikes start?
1909.
Women who participated were imprisoned.
88
1. When and what was the First Conciliation Bill? And 2. what did it lead to?
1. 1910 -> to give property owning women the right to vote (fails).
2. It led to 300 suffragettes marching to the HOC - brutality dealt with by the police (called ‘Black Friday’)
89
When was the National League for Opposing Women’s Suffrage founded?
1911
Because of this, many suffragettes boycotted the 1911 census.
90
When was the Second Conciliation Bill?
1911 - rejected by Asquith.
Led to increased violence, window smashing campaign and damage to post boxes.
91
1913 Franchise Bill
Introduces universal male suffrage (without th amendment to enfranchise women).
92
Result of the 1913 Franchise Bill:
•Bomb and Arson attacks, including one of Lloyd George’s houses, golf courses damaged with acid etc.
•Cat and Mouse Act (1913): prisoners on hunger strike would be released and rearrested.
•Emily Davidson dies at the Derby horse race after (debatably) throwing herself under the King’s horse. The suffragettes turned her funeral into a political demonstration.
93
What was the suffragette slogan?
“DEEDS NOT WORDS”
94
What did the suffragette slogan mean?
It was an incentive to take action, tired of peaceful campaigning, and going to any extremity to achieve their aims.
They also introduced the slogan to differentiate themselves from the suffragists, a more peaceful group.
95
Who was president of the League for Opposing Women’s Suffrage
Lord Curzon
96
1. What PM opposed female suffrage, and 2. Why?
1. Asquith
2. Feared that it would only produce more Conservative voters but also opposed women’s equality
97
When did full adult suffrage for all men and women become Labour Party Policy?
1912 -> gained support of the NUWSS
98
Why did each Conciliation Bill fail to pass?
First Conciliation Bill 1910:
Passed as a Private Member’s Bill, but Asquith refused to give it government time.
This led to violent suffragette demonstrations in November in which many women were assaulted by police.
99
Why did each Conciliation Bill fail to pass?
Second Conciliation Bill 1911:
Liberal leaders opposed it from both sides; Lloyd George because it didn’t include thousands of working women, and Asquith because it would give votes to the Conservatives.
Asquith proposed a bill that could include all men and then amend it so women could be included, but such amendment would not be allowed.
100
Why did each Conciliation Bill fail to pass?
Third Conciliation Bill 1912:
Defeated, in relation to suffragettes campaign of violence and arson, but also because the Irish voted against it as they wanted government time to be give to their Home Rule Bill.
101
Matrimonial Causes Act
1857
102
Married Women’s property Act
1882
103
Local Government Vote
1894
104
An example of an upper class woman who supported the suffrage cause
Lady Constance Lytton
105
When was the Irish parliament abolished? And what did it create?
1800 Act of Union.
Created the United kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
106
The religious problem with Ireland was…
England was protestant, Ireland was Catholic, except the 6 counties of Ulster in the North East of Ireland.
107
1. How many died and 2. Emigrated, from the potato famine of 1845-51?
1. 1 million died
2. 2 million
There was resentment towards the British government for their failure to act and support the Irish people.
108
What groups were demanding Home Rule? And what were their methods?
Irish Republican Brotherhood - used violence to campaign for independence.
Irish National Party - gained seats in Parliament.
109
Why was there political opposition to Irish Home Rule?
•It would threaten protestantism
•Feared influence of the Catholic population over the majority Protestant population of Ulster.
110
Sinn Fein
Irish Nationalist Party established in 1905 by Arthur Griffith.
111
What was the Third Home Rule Bill 1912 and what provisions did it make? (1)
The creation of an Irish parliament with an elected House of Commons and a nominated upper chamber called the senate, restricted to Irish matters, whilst the British government would keep control over foreign policy, defence, trade pensions and national insurance.
112
What was the Third Home Rule Bill 1912 and what provisions did it make? (2)
•42 Irish MPs still to sit at Westminster
•Ulster was to be included in the New Home Rule Parliament
It constituted a limited devolution of self-government
113
Who was John Redmond?
An Irish Nationalist in support for a fully united Independent Ireland from British Rule.
Established the Irish Volunteer Force
114
Who was Edward Carson?
Was an Irish Unionist who wanted to remain under British rule. Later supported the British Union with Ulster, establishing the Ulster Volunteer Force
115
The Third Home Rule Bill was passed in what two months of 1913?
January 1913 -> bill was passed but rejected by the Lords
August 1913 -> bill was passed in the commons but again rejected. This led to a proposal for a constitutional conference in September foundered on the uncompromising positions of opposing forces.
116
Edward Carson would only accept Home Rule excluding…
The whole of nine counties of the Ulster Province, including Lavan, Donegal, and Monaghan - all of which had Roman Catholic majority populations.
117
Unionist Resistance:
•In September 1912, Edward Carson drew up the ‘Solemn League and Covenant’ with 470,000 signatories, to resist a Home Rule Parliament In Ireland.
•In January 1913 -> the Ulster Volunteer Force was established and accumulated 100,000 men.
•This provoked a counter-offensive organisation ‘The Irish Nationalist Volunteer Force’, a pledge to support John Redmond.
118
In December 1913, Asquith’s government imposed a ban on what?
The importation of Arms and ammunition into Ireland, by Royal Proclamation.
119
The Curragh Mutiny
•March 1914
•Secretary State of War - Jack Seely - approved instructions to General Sir Arthur Paget - Commander-in-chief - In Ireland, that officers whose homes were in Ulster could leave from duty.
•Rumours of the government ordering arrests of Ulster leaders resulted in 58 officers resigning, including a Brigadier General.
•There was a series of landings of armaments in April along the Ulster coast. - no authority intervention. Ulster Volunteers transformed into an army.
•June 1914 - guns (said to be German) for the Irish Nationalists were landed near Dublin, but this time authorities landed. 3 dead, 40 injured.
120
Constitutional Conference took place where and when?
Buckingham Palace 21st July 1914
121
Who attended the Buckingham Palace Constitutional Conference?
•Asquith And Lloyd George -represented Liberal Government
•Redmond and John Dillon -represented the INP
•Bonar Law and Lord Lansdowne -represented Conservative/Unionist
•Carson and James Craig
-represented the Ulster Unionists
122
Easter Rising 1916: WHO
•Tom Clarke - shopkeeper and Former Fenian who had spent 15 years in prison for bombing offences
•Patrick Pearse
•James Connolly - trade union leader and Head of the Citizen Army
123
Easter Rising 1916: Reason
Support for the war split the Irish national volunteers. Redmond - loyalty to Empire by enlisting to fight against Germany.
A minority broke from Redmond, seeing the pro-war stance as collaboration with the British and a betrayal of Irelands claim to nationhood which drew them closer to Connolly’s Citizen Army.
124
Curragh Mutiny: What was it?
British officers commanding British soldiers at the Curragh army base in Ireland threatened to resign rather than fight against the Ulster Unionist Resistance.
125
The People’s Budget: Foreign competition:
Since German reunification in 1871, the balance of power in Europe had shifted in the favour of the Second Reich.
In 1908, Germany began a massive programme of naval agreement, which challenged Britains naval dominance.
The Peoples Budget was to pay for social reforms as well as dreadnought warships.
