booklet needed Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
Identify two hinge joints in the body
A
Elbow and knee
2
Q
Identify two ball and socket joints in the body
A
Shoulder and hip
3
Q
Identify four functions of the skeletal system
A
Red Blood Cell production, movement,
protection, shape, support, mineral storage
4
Q
Name the four types of bone
A
Long, short, flat and irregular
5
Q
What is the function of long bones
A
Large movements e.g. femur
6
Q
What is the function of short bones
A
Fine movements e.g. tarsals (ankle), carpals
(wrist)
7
Q
What is the function of flat bones
A
Protection e.g. cranium, sternum
8
Q
Which bones meat at the neck and head?
A
Vertebrae, cranium
9
Q
Which bones make up the shoulder joint?
A
Humerus, scapula, clavicle
10
Q
Which bones make up the elbow joint?
A
Radius, ulna, Humerus
11
Q
Which bones make up the knee joint?
A
Femur, tibia
12
Q
Which bones make up the ankle joint?
A
Talus, tibia, fibula
13
Q
Define what is meant by abduction
A
Movement of a body part away from the body
14
Q
Define what is meant by adduction
A
Movement of a body part towards the body
15
Q
Define what is meant by flexion
A
Decrease in the angle at a joint
16
Q
Define what is meant by extension
A
Increase in the angle at a joint
17
Q
Define what is meant by rotation
A
Turning a limb along its long axis
18
Q
Define what is meant by circumduction
A
This is where the limb moves in a circle
(rotation + another joint action)
19
Q
Define what is meant by plantarflexion?
A
Pointing the toes downwards (point to floor)
19
Q
Give the function of a tendon
A
Attaches a muscle to a bone
20
Q
Define what is meant by dorsiflexion
A
Pulling the toes upwards
21
Q
Give the function of the synovial fluid
A
Produced by synovial membrane to lubricate
the joint
21
Q
Give the function of a ligament
A
Attaches bone to bone
22
Q
Give the function of the synovial membrane
A
Contains and releases synovial fluid
22
Give the function of the joint capsule
Surrounds synovial joint, helps stabilise joint
23
Give the function of cartilage
Covers the ends of bones providing smooth,
friction free surface
24
Which movements are performed at hinge
joints?
Flexion and extension
24
What are bursae?
Fluid filled sacs that provide cushion between
tendons
25
Which movements are performed at ball and
socket joints?
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
rotation, circumduction
26
What is a joint?
A place where two or more bones meet
27
Which movements can occur at the shoulder
joint?
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
rotation, circumduction
28
Which movements can occur at the knee and
elbow joints?
Flexion and extension
29
Which movements can occur at the hip joint?
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
rotation
30
Which bones make up the hip joint?
Pelvis, femur
31
Which bones make up the chest?
Ribs, sternum
32
Name four muscles in the legs?
Hamstrings, quadriceps, tibialis anterior,
gastrocnemius
33
Which muscle extends the knee?
Quadriceps
34
Which muscle flexes the knee?
Hamstrings
35
During flexion of the elbow, which muscle is the
agonist at the elbow?
Biceps
36
During extension at the elbow, which muscle is
the agonist at the elbow?
Triceps
36
What is an isotonic muscle contraction?
Contractions that result in movement, e.g.
running, jumping
37
What is an isometric muscle contraction?
When muscles contracts and there is no
movement e.g. holding a balance
38
What is a concentric muscle contraction?
When muscle shortens during contraction
(upward phase)
39
What is an eccentric muscle contraction?
When the muscles lengthens during contraction
(downward phase)
40
Where is the deltoid? Function?
Upper arm, top of shoulder. Moves upper arm
in all directions
41
Where is the latissimus dorsi? Function?
Back muscle, lower back to upper arm. Adducts
and extends are at shoulder
42
Where is the rotator cuff? Function?
On scapula in the shoulder. Rotation of the
shoulder
43
Where is the pectoralis major? Function?
Muscle covering the chest. Adducts arm at
shoulder
44
Where is the abdominals? Function?
Front of the abdomen. Pulls chest downwards –
flexion of spinal column
45
Where is the biceps? Function?
Front of upper arm. Elbow flexion
46
Where is the tricep? Function?
Back of upper arm. Elbow extension
47
Where is the hip flexor? Function?
Front of hip. Flexes the hip, moves the hip
upwards
48
Where are the quadriceps? Function?
Front of upper leg. Knee extension
(straightening)
48
Where is the gluteus maximus? Function?
Form the buttocks. Adducts and extends the
hips, pulling leg backwards
49
Where are the hamstrings? Function?
Back of upper leg. Knee flexion (bending)
50
Where is the tibialis anterior? Function?
Front of lower leg, runs down shin. Pulls toes
upwards
50
Where is the gastrocnemius? Function?
Back of lower leg (calf muscle). Points the toes
51
Which features assist with gaseous exchange?
Large surface area of alveoli, thin walls, large
blood supply, short diffusion pathway, oxygen
combines with haemoglobin, gas moves from
high to low concentration
51
Identify the order of the pathway of air
Nose/mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles,
alveoli
51
Which structure in the lungs is one cell thick?
Alveoli
52
Describe gaseous exchange
Oxygen passes through alveoli into red blood
cells in capillaries, oxygen combines with
haemoglobin, enzyme breaks down carbon
dioxide which passes through alveoli and is
breathed out.
52
Where does gas exchange take place?
Alveoli
53
What two muscles are used during inhalation
and expiration at rest?
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
54
When do the diaphragm and intercostals
muscles contract
During inspiration
54
Define tidal volume
The volume of air inspired or expired in each
breath
55
When do the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
relax?
During expiration
55
What additional muscles are needed during
exercise
Pectorals and sternocleidomastoid (inspiration)
and abdominals (expiration)
56
Define expiratory reserve volume
The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled
(in addition to tidal volume)
56
Define vital capacity
The maximum volume of air the lungs can
expire after the maximum inspiration
57
Define inspiratory reserve volume
The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled
(in addition to tidal volume)
58
Define residual volume
The volume of air that remains in the lungs even
after forced maximal exhilation
59
Name three blood vessels involved in the
transport of blood?
Veins, arteries, capillaries
60
Identify three characteristics of veins
Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart,
thinner and less elastic walls, have valves to
prevent backflow of blood
61
Identify three characteristics of arteries
Have thick walls, carry oxygenated blood at high
pressure away from heart, have no valves, have
more elastic walls, arterioles
62
Identify three characteristics of capillaries
Small, allow carbon dioxide, water and waste
products to pass through, have thin walls
63
Define vasodilation
Widening of the diameter of a blood vessel to
increase blood flow
64
Define vasoconstriction
Narrowing of the diameter of a blood vessel to
decrease blood flow
65
Define systolic blood pressure (systole)
When the heart is contracting
66
Define diastolic blood pressure (diastole)
When the heart is relaxing
67
Define hypertension
High blood pressure in the arteries
68
What are the four chambers of the heart?
Right ventricle, left ventricle, right atrium and
left atrium
69
Name the two arteries that take blood away
from the heart
Aorta and pulmonary artery
70
Name the two veins that take blood toward the
heart
Vena cava and pulmonary vein
71
Describe the cardiac cycle
The process of the heart going through the
stages of systole and diastole in the atria and
ventricles
72
Identify the formula for Cardiac Output (Q)
Cardiac Output (Q) = stroke volume x heart rate
73
What is meant by cardiac output?
The amount of blood pumped from the heart in
one minute
74
What is meant by stroke volume?
Amount of blood pumped out of the heart by
each ventricle during one contraction
75
Define heart rate
The number of times the heart beats in a minute
(measured in BPM)
76
Describe the difference between aerobic
exercise and anaerobic exercise.
Aerobic is with oxygen, anaerobic is without
77
Describe aerobic exercise
Occurs during the presence of oxygen, occurs
when exercising for long periods of time, at low
intensity, the heart can supply all the oxygen
the working muscles need. e.g. marathon
runner, swimming, cycling, 800m
Glucose + oxygen -> energy + carbon dioxide +
water
78
Describe anaerobic exercise
Occurs when no oxygen is available, used only
for short periods of time and at high intensity,
the heart and lungs cannot supply enough
blood and, therefore, oxygen to the working
muscles e.g. 100m, 200m sprinting.
Glucose is converted into energy without the
presence of oxygen:
Glucose -> energy + lactic acid
79
What is lactic acid?
Mild poison that builds up in muscles due to
anaerobic exercise and can cause pain, fatigue
and cramp
80
Identify three immediate effects of exercise
(during exercise)
Increased heart rate, sweaty, increase in depth
and rate of breathing, increase in temperature,
red skin
81
Identify three long term effects of exercise
(months and years of exercise)
Change in body shape, build strength, improve
muscular endurance, increase size of heart,
lower resting heart rate, improved flexibility,
improved stamina
82
Identify three short term effects of exercise (24-
36 hours after exercise)
Tired, fatigue, nausea, headaches, aching,
DOMS, cramp
83
What does DOMS stand for?
Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness
84
Name four recovery methods to use after
exercise
Cool down, massage, ice baths, manipulation of
diet
85
Why complete a cool down?
Keep HR and breathing elevated so blood
continues to flow to muscles. Clear waste.
Prevent muscle soreness
86
Why recover with a massage?
Reduce inflammation, increase blood flow so
keeps oxygen flowing to muscles to remove
lactic acid. Helps with DOMS
87
Why recover with an ice bath?
Aids repair of micro tears preventing DOMS,
reduce swelling, once you get out the blood
vessels dilate allowing oxygen rich blood to rush
to muscles removing lactic acid
87
Why would you consume carbohydrates in
recovery? (manipulation of diet)
Replace glycogen stores
88
Describe a second class lever system
The fulcrum lies at one end with the effort at
the other end and the resistance in the middle
e.g. the ankle joint - set shot
88
Describe a first class lever system
Fulcrum lies between the effort and the
resistance e.g. elbow joint
88
Identify the three parts of a lever system
Load (resistance), fulcrum, effort
89
Describe a third class lever system
The fulcrum lies at one end and the resistance is
at the other end with the effort located
between the fulcrum and the resistance e.g.
elbow joint
90
Describe what is meant by mechanical
advantage
The efficiency of a working lever, calculated by
effort/weight (resistance) arm
91
Identify three planes of the body
frontal, transverse, sagittal
92
Identify three axes of the body
sagittal, transverse, longitudinal
93
Describe sagittal axis
Through the belly button
94
Describe transverse axis
Through the hips
95
Describe longitudinal axis
Head to toe
96
Describe sagittal plane
Forwards and backwards
97
Describe frontal plane
Left or right
98
Describe transverse plane
Rotation along the longitudinal axis
99
Define health
A state of complete physical, mental and social
well-being and not merely the absence of
disease
100
Define fitness
The ability to meet the demands of the
environment
101
Define agility
The ability to move and change direction
quickly whilst maintaining control
102
Define coordination
The ability to use different parts of the body
together
103
Define balance
the maintenance of the centre of mass over the
base of support
104
