Topic on a page - structure and functions of the musculoskeletal system

Question 1

bones of the skeleton

Answer 1

cranium
clavicle
sternum
vertebrae
ribs
humerus
scapula
radius
ulna
pelvis
femur
patella
fibula
tibia
talus

Question 2

what are the functions of the skeleton

Answer 2

• protection of vital organs
• structural shape and muscle attachment
• formation of joints for movement
• blood cell production
• store of minerals

Question 3

example of protection of vital organs

Answer 3

cranium protects the brain when heading a ball in football

Question 4

what is structural shape and muscle contraction

Answer 4

your skeleton provides support by providing a structural shape for muscles and tissues to attach

Question 5

what is formation of joints for movement

Answer 5

bones provide anchors for muscles to attach. tendons attach muscles to bones. muscles pull on bones to create movement

Question 6

what is blood cell protection

Answer 6

red blood cells carry oxygen. white blood cells fight infection. platelets clot blood

Question 7

what is store of minerals

Answer 7

calcium and phosphorus is stored in the bones to keep them strong

Question 8

what are long bones

Answer 8

they enable gross movements (by working as levers) - they are longer than they are wide

Question 9

examples of long bones

Answer 9

humerus
ulna
radius
femur
fibula
tibia

Question 10

what are short bones

Answer 10

allow fine and controlled movements - as wide as they are long

Question 11

examples of short bones

Answer 11

tarsals
carpals

Question 12

what are flat bones

Answer 12

protect organs or offer a broad surface for muscles to attach to

Question 13

examples of flat bones

Answer 13

cranium
sternum
ribs
scapula
pelvis

Question 14

what are the two types of freely movable joints

Answer 14

hinge joint
ball and socket joint

Question 15

what is a hinge joint

Answer 15

found at the elbow, knee and ankle, allows flexion and extension

Question 16

what is a ball and socket joint

Answer 16

found at the hip and shoulder, allows flexion,extension, abduction, adduction,rotation and circumduction

Question 17

what is flexion

Answer 17

decreasing the angle of two or more bones that form a joint - bending movement

Question 18

what is extension

Answer 18

increasing the angle of two or more bones that form a joint - straightening movement

Question 19

what is abduction

Answer 19

the movement of limbs away from the midline of the body

Question 20

what is adduction

Answer 20

the movement of limbs towards the midline of the body

Question 21

what is plantar flexion

Answer 21

movement at the ankle where toes are pointed downwards

Question 22

what is dorsiflexion

Answer 22

movement at the ankle where the toes are pulled upwards towards the knee

Question 23

what is rotation

Answer 23

turning a limb along its axis

Question 24

what is circumduction

Answer 24

movement of a limb around a joint in a circular motion

Question 25

what bones form the elbow joint

Answer 25

humerus, ulna, radius

Question 26

what type of joint is the elbow

Answer 26

hinge

Question 27

what bones form the knee joint

Answer 27

femur tibia fibula

Question 28

what type of joint is the knee

Answer 28

hinge

Question 29

what bones form the hip joint

Answer 29

pelvis femur

Question 30

what type of joint is the hip

Answer 30

ball and socket

Question 31

what bones form the ankle joint

Answer 31

tibia talus fibula

Question 32

what type of joint is the ankle

Answer 32

hinge

Question 33

what is synovial fluid

Answer 33

lubricates and reduces friction of the joint it supplies nutrients and removes waste products

Question 34

what is the synovial membrane

Answer 34

contains and releases synovial fluid

Question 35

what is articular cartilage

Answer 35

prevents bones from rubbing and acts as a shock absorber

Question 36

what is a joint capsule

Answer 36

surrounds the synovial joint it protects and stabilises the joint

Question 37

what is a ligament

Answer 37

joins bone to bone, helps stabilise the joint

Question 38

what is bursae

Answer 38

fluid filled sacs that provides a cushion between the tendons and bones reducing friction

Question 39

name voluntary muscles in the body

Answer 39

pectorialis major deltoid rotator cuff latissimus dorsi bicep tricep abdominals hip flexors gluteus maximus quadriceps hamstrings tibialis anterior gastrocnemius

Question 40

where is the deltoid located

Answer 40

muscle on top of the upper arm and top of the shoulder

Question 41

what is the function of the deltoid

Answer 41

move the upper arm (shoulder) in all directions

Question 42

sporting example using the deltoid

Answer 42

serve in tennis front crawl cricket bowling

Question 43

where is the latissimus dorsi located

Answer 43

back muscle from the lower spine to the upper arm

Question 44

what is the function of the latissimus dorsi

Answer 44

adducts and extends the arm at the shoulder

Question 45

sporting example using the latissimus dorsi

Answer 45

butterfly stroke pull ups rowing stroke

Question 46

where is the rotator cuff located

Answer 46

on the scapula in the shoulder

Question 47

what is the function of the rotator cuff

Answer 47

rotation of the shoulder

Question 48

sporting example using the rotator cuff

Answer 48

bowling in cricket swimming front crawl

Question 49

where is the pectorialis major located

Answer 49

muscle covering the chest

Question 50

what is the function of the pectorialis major

Answer 50

adducts the arm at the shoulder

Question 51

sporting example using the pectorialis major

Answer 51

forehand shot hand off in rugby boxing hook

Question 52

where are the abdominals located

Answer 52

side of the abdomen

Question 53

what is the function of the abdominals

Answer 53

pulls the chest downwards flexion of the spinal column

Question 54

sporting example using the abdominals

Answer 54

crunches sit ups

Question 55

where is the bicep located

Answer 55

front of the upper arm

Question 56

what is the function of the bicep

Answer 56

elbow flexion - bending

Question 57

sporting example using the bicep

Answer 57

boxing uppercut preparing to throw a javelin

Question 58

where is the tricep located

Answer 58

back of upper arm

Question 59

what is the function of the tricep

Answer 59

elbow extension - straightening

Question 60

where is the gluteus maximus located

Answer 60

forms the buttocks

Question 61

what is the function of the gluteus maximus

Answer 61

adducts and extends the hips pulling the legs backwards

Question 62

sporting example using the gluteus maximus

Answer 62

pull the legs back before kicking a ball

Question 63

where are the hip flexors located

Answer 63

front of the hip

Question 64

what is the function of the hip flexors

Answer 64

flexes the hip, moves the hip upwards

Question 65

sporting example using the hip flexors

Answer 65

lifting the knees when sprinting

Question 66

where are the quadriceps located

Answer 66

front of upper leg

Question 67

what is the function of the quadriceps

Answer 67

knee extension - straightening

Question 68

sporting example using the quadriceps

Answer 68

kicking a ball jumping upwards on a lay-up shot

Question 69

where are the hamstrings located

Answer 69

back of upper leg

Question 70

what is the function of the hamstrings

Answer 70

knee flexion - bending

Question 71

where is the gastrocnemius located

Answer 71

calf muscle, attached by the achilles tendon

Question 72

what is the function of the gastrocnemius

Answer 72

plantar flexion - point the toes

Question 73

sporting example using the gastrocnemius

Answer 73

running diving gymnastics

Question 74

where is the tibialis anterior located

Answer 74

muscle that runs down the shin

Question 75

what is the function of the tibialis anterior

Answer 75

dorsi flexion - pulls the toes upwards

Question 76

sporting example using the tibialis anterior

Answer 76

ski jumping hurdling

Question 77

what is an antagonistic pair

Answer 77

pairs of muscles that work against each other

Question 78

what is an antagonistic muscle action

Answer 78

as one muscle contracts, the second relaxes

Question 79

give examples of antagonistic pairs

Answer 79

biceps and triceps quadriceps and hamstrings hip flexors and gluteus maximus gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior

Question 80

name the agonist and antagonist in the upward phase of a bicep curl

Answer 80

when we bend the elbow - flexion- the biceps contract and the triceps relax agonist = biceps antagonist = triceps

Question 81

name the agonist and antagonist when straightening the arm to punch

Answer 81

when we straighten the elbow (extension) the triceps contract and the biceps relax agonist = triceps antagonist = biceps

Question 82

what is an isometric contraction

Answer 82

muscle action / contraction where the muscle stays the same length so does not cause movement

Question 83

give an example of an isometric contraction

Answer 83

holding a balance: plank

Question 84

what is an isotonic contraction

Answer 84

muscle action / contraction where the muscle changes length which causes movement

Question 85

give an example of an isotonic contraction

Answer 85

running and jumping

Question 86

are concentric and eccentric contractions isometric or isotonic

Answer 86

both isotonic contractions

Question 87

what is a concentric contraction

Answer 87

isotonic contraction where the muscle shortens (upward phase)

Question 88

what direction is a concentric contraction in

Answer 88

upwards

Question 89

what is an eccentric contraction

Answer 89

isotonic muscle contraction where the muscle lengthens (downwards phase)

Question 90

what direction is an eccentric contraction in

Answer 90

downward

Question 91

what type of contraction is the upward phase of a bicep curl

Answer 91

biceps are contracting concentrically

Question 92

what type of contraction is the downward phase of a bicep curl

Answer 92

biceps are contracting eccentrically