Bootcamp Chapter 10.1 - 10.4

Question 1

Which invertebrate animals have an open circulatory system?

Answer 1

Mollusca, arthropoda, echinodermata

Question 2

Which type of worm contains a closed circulatory system?

Answer 2

annelida - earthworms

Question 3

Segmented worms, aka ____ have multiple hearts called ___ ____, which pump blood in a circuit.

Answer 3

earthworms, aortic arches

Question 4

Amphibians and reptiles are poikilothermic chordates, meaning _____

Answer 4

their internal temperature fluctuates in response to the environmental temperature

Question 5

Three chambered hearts, which are found in ____ and ____ - are also called ___ ____ ___ because blood passes through them ___ before being sent out to orgrans

Answer 5

amphibians and reptiles, double circulation hearts

Question 6

What is the function of the atrioventricular valves?

Answer 6

prevent back flow of blood from the ventricles into the atria

Question 7

AV valves are attached to ____ muscles via stringy tendons called ___ ___. These muscles function to _____ to close the AV valves and prevent valve _____

Answer 7

papillary, chord tendinae, contract, inversion

Question 8

Flow of blood through the heart?

Answer 8

Vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → body

Question 9

Endothelial cells that line the inside of the heart’s four chambers is called the ____

Answer 9

endocardium

Question 10

Function of the atrioventricular node?

Answer 10

adds a brief delay in between the atria contracting and the contraction of the ventricles, once the SA node is depolarized

Question 11

After the brief delay caused by the AV node, the electrical signal is sent to the ____ ___ __, which is found int he ____ septum, that separates the ____

Answer 11

bundle of His, interventricular, ventricles

Question 12

Purkinje Fibers

Answer 12

found in the walls of the ventricles; ensure a coordinated contraction of both ventricles

Question 13

Systole occurs ____ the ventricles eject blood into the ____ they connect to.

Diastole occurs after the _____ contract to fill the _____ .

Answer 13

after, arteries

atria, ventricles

Question 14

Describe what “Lub” and “dub” are attributed to in the cardiac cycle.

Answer 14

Lub - left and right ventricles are contracting, which causes the semilunar valves to OPEN as AV valves CLOSE

Dub - left and right atria are contracting; opens AV valves so blood can fill RL ventricles; semilunar valves are closed

Question 15

Gap Junctions

Answer 15

protein tunnels that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells

Question 16

Parts of an EKG

Answer 16

P wave - atrial depolarization

Q wave - initiates ventricular depolarization

R wave - depolarization through both ventricles

S - completion of ventricular DP

T wave - ventricular depolarization

Question 17

What is a normal heart rate?

Stroke Volume

How to find stroke volume?

How to find cardiac output?

How to find mean arterial pressure?

Answer 17

60 to 100 bpm

the volume of blood pumped from the heart with each beat

subtract ESV - EDV

CO = HR x SV

MAP = CO x TPR or (HR x SV) x TPR

Question 18

Which layer of blood vessels contains smooth muscles cells that can be used to control the diameter of the vessel?

Answer 18

tunica media

Question 19

Arteries and arterioles are elastic, due to a thick ___ ___

Answer 19

tunica media

Question 20

What types of vessels will show a frequent drop in blood pressure, due to high resistance of flow?

Answer 20

arterioles

Question 21

Arteries and arterioles carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. Two exceptions are?

Answer 21

pulmonary and umbilical arteries - carry DO blood away from the heart

Question 22

Capillaries will branch off of ___ and connect to ____ on the other side. These lie _____ arteries and veins.

Answer 22

arterioles, venues, between

Question 23

Activated platelets release ____ in response to damaged tissue and exposed collagen. This will convert prothrombin into its active form, ______. Activated ____ will convert fibrinogen to ____

Answer 23

thromboplastin, thrombin, fibrin

Question 24

Which vitamin is important for clotting?

Answer 24

K

Question 25

Which cells are the precursor to platelets? Do these contain a nucleus?

Answer 25

Megakaryocytes; they are anucleate

Question 26

Type O Blood contains what types of antigen?

Answer 26

type O does not have neither A or B!

Question 27

What is the universal donor?

Answer 27

type O (-) recall that type O does not have a or b antigens. O (_) also does not have an Rh surface antigen

Question 28

What is the universal acceptor?

Answer 28

AB (+) because they have both a and b surface antigens, as well as the rh surface antigen

Question 29

Ductus arteriosus

Answer 29

allows DO blood to leave the pulmonary artery and into the descending aorta = skips the arteries supplying the brain

Question 30

Ductus Venous

Answer 30

Allows oxygenated blood coming from the umbilical vein to flow into the inferior vena cava and mix with DO blood

Question 31

Erthroblastosis Fetalis can only occur in what conditions?

Answer 31

mother is rh (-) and fetus is rh (+)

Question 32

Lenticels

Answer 32

pores found on woody tree stems

Question 33

Operculum

Answer 33

openings in the skin covering the gills of fish

Question 34

Most carbon dioxide in the blood travels as ____ _____ produced by carbonic ____

Answer 34

bicarbonate anion, carbonic anhydrase

Question 35

Differentiate between a left and right shifted hemoglobin curve

Answer 35

left - hemoglobin binds tightly to oxygen, meaning its harder to release to tissues right - hemoglobin will bind loosely with oxygen, meaning it's easier to release to tissues

Question 36

CADET face RIGHT

Answer 36

increased carbon dioxide, acid, 2,3 - diphosphoglycerate, exercise, and temperature will result in a right shifted curve

Question 37

T/F? Myoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin does

Answer 37

true

Question 38

Bohr effect vs the Haldane effect

Answer 38

bohr - Hb has a decreased affinity for oxygen when CO2 is high Haldane - deoxygenation of blood increases its ability to carry carbon dioxide

Question 39

Carbonic anhydrase combines with CO2 and water to make _____, which dissociates in a ____ anion and a ____

Answer 39

carbonic acid, bicarbonate and H+

Question 40

The innate immune response is (specific/nonspecifiic)

Answer 40

nonspecific

Question 41

Diapedesis

Answer 41

process of cells moving from capillaries to tissues

Question 42

Order the white blood cells from highest to lowest in number

Answer 42

neutrophils, leukocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, B cells Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

Question 43

Which leukocyte is the most common? Which leukocytes will kill virus-infected cells or cancerous body cells? Which are effective in killing parasites? Which contain histamine and heparin? How do dendritic cells work in immunity?

Answer 43

leukocyte natural killer cells; part of the innate immune response eosinophil basophils it can scan a local environment through pinocytosis

Question 44

Which white blood cells is responsible for antibody-mediated immunity, aka humoral immunity?

Answer 44

B cells

Question 45

Which is the largest antibody? Which antibody is found in body secretions and also exists as a dimer? Which antibody are antigen receptors found on basophils and mast cells? Which antibody is found in the circulation?

Answer 45

IgM IgA IgE IgG

Question 46

What type of white blood cells are key to vaccinations T/F? These cells have the capacity to release antibodies

Answer 46

Memory B cells FALSE - memory B cells cannot release AB's

Question 47

If an antigen is presented by MHC I, T cells will activate and become ___ ___ __, also called ____ cell

Answer 47

cytotoxic T cells, CD8

Question 48

T/F? Both CD8 (cytotoxic T cells) and natural killer cells release perforin and granzymes. Which cell reacts faster? Which cell is more specific?

Answer 48

true natural killer cells CD8

Question 49

Cytokines function to _____

Answer 49

attract innate immunity cells to the where the identified antigen is present and stimulate clonal selection and proliferation of Cells and T cells

Question 50

Relative Refractory Period

Answer 50

A powerful stimulus can cause an AP to occur because the sodium channels are no longer inactive

Question 51

Which structures are contained within the brainstem?

Answer 51

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

Question 52

Which structures are included into the limbic system?

Answer 52

hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala

Question 53

Which structure in the inner ear contain fluid and hair nerve endings?

Answer 53

semicircular canals

Question 54

Fovea

Answer 54

area of the retina that is the most densely packed with the highest concentration of cones; responsible for high acuity vision