Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

TB > Borbor Class > Flashcards

Borbor Class Flashcards

1
Q

What is the causative agent of tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who first isolated the tuberculosis bacterium, and in what year?

A

Robert Koch in 1882.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which organs are primarily affected by tuberculosis?

A

The lungs, though other organs can also be affected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the risk of TB bacteria becoming active from a dormant state?

A

5.1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of TB is transmitted through unpasteurized milk?

A

Bovine TB (Atypical TB).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which groups are at higher risk of developing active TB?

A

Young children and those with compromised immune systems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What tests confirm bacteriological pulmonary TB?

A

Xpert MTB/RIF and microscopy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is pulmonary TB different from extra-pulmonary TB?

A

Pulmonary TB affects the lungs, while extra-pulmonary TB affects other organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does the Mantoux test indicate TB exposure?

A

It measures exposure to TB antigens, not active TB disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does Isoniazid target in mycobacteria?

A

It inhibits the assembly of mycolic acid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the role of Rifampicin in TB treatment?

A

It blocks transcription by binding to the ?-subunit of RNA polymerase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which combination of drugs is commonly used to treat TB?

A

Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, and Streptomycin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the BCG vaccine derived from, and who benefits most from it?

A

Derived from Mycobacterium bovis, it benefits infants and young children.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How long does it take for GeneXpert to provide TB diagnostic results?

A

2 hours.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the purpose of the BCG vaccine in tuberculosis control?

A

To prevent tuberculosis, especially in infants and young children.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which age groups are at higher risk for the progression of tuberculosis?

A

Children and the elderly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does tobacco use aid in the progression of tuberculosis?

A

It causes ciliary dysfunction, reduces immune response, and affects macrophage function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In what way does alcohol consumption impact tuberculosis progression?

A

It impairs the immune system and can reactivate latent tuberculosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why are steroids a risk factor for tuberculosis progression?

A

They cause immune suppression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which gender is more affected by tuberculosis globally, and what is the average ratio?

A

Males, with a ratio of 1.8:1.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does under-nourishment affect tuberculosis progression?

A

It weakens the immune system, aiding disease progression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Name diseases that can aid in the progression of tuberculosis due to defects in cell-mediated immunity.

A

Diabetes mellitus, HIV, leukemia, and measles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does measles influence the progression of tuberculosis?

A

It can activate latent infection or worsen active disease by suppressing delayed-type hypersensitivity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What environmental factors contribute to the progression of tuberculosis?

A

Poverty, poor environments, and overcrowding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What does pulmonary TB (PTB) involve, and how is it classified?
PTB involves the lungs and can be bacteriologically confirmed or clinically diagnosed.
26
How is bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB diagnosed?
Through tests like Xpert MTB/RIF, microscopy, TB LAM, or culture.
27
What does extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB) involve, and how is it classified?
EPTB involves organs other than the lungs and can be bacteriologically confirmed or clinically diagnosed.
28
What laboratory tests confirm extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB)?
Xpert MTB/RIF, microscopy, TB LAM, or culture.
29
What does "exposure" mean in the context of tuberculosis transmission?
Spending time with someone who has infectious TB disease.
30
What happens during the "infection" stage of tuberculosis?
A person breathes in TB bacteria and carries dormant bacteria without symptoms.
31
What characterizes the "disease" stage in tuberculosis progression?
The person becomes unwell with TB symptoms as bacteria multiply.
32
How does TB infection differ from TB disease in terms of bacterial activity?
In TB infection, bacilli are dormant; in TB disease, bacilli are multiplying.
33
Can a person with latent TB infection transmit the disease to others?
No, only a person with active TB disease can transmit TB.
34
What is the role of TB preventive therapy (TPT) in latent TB infection?
TPT prevents progression to TB disease.
35
What significant change in TB treatment occurred in Ghana in 2017?
The Cat II TB treatment regimen was phased out.
36
What diagnostic tool is recommended in Ghana to increase TB detection sensitivity?
GeneXpert and culture facility.
37
What classical changes might be seen on a chest X-ray for TB?
Upper zone patchy or nodular shadows and cavitations.
38
What is the first-line test for diagnosing TB according to the NTP guidelines in Ghana?
Gene Xpert/MTB-Rif test.
39
Why is GeneXpert particularly useful for TB diagnosis in certain patients?
It detects AFB in smear-negative patients like PLHIV.
40
How soon can GeneXpert provide results for TB diagnosis?
Within 2 hours.
41
What type of sputum specimen is required for accurate TB diagnosis?
A good specimen of 3-5 mL containing solid or purulent material.
42
What role does digital X-ray play in TB diagnosis?
It aids in diagnosing TB, especially when combined with GeneXpert.
43
Why is saliva not a good specimen for TB diagnosis?
It lacks sufficient solid or purulent material needed for accurate testing.
44
What is the first stage in the transmission of tuberculosis?
Exposure to a person with infectious TB disease.
45
What occurs during the infection stage of TB?
A person breathes in TB bacteria and carries dormant bacteria without symptoms.
46
How does TB progress from infection to disease?
The bacteria multiply, causing the person to show signs and symptoms of TB.
47
What is a granuloma in the context of TB infection?
A structure formed by white cells to contain the TB infection in its latent stage.
48
What distinguishes latent TB infection from active TB disease?
Latent TB has dormant bacteria and no symptoms; active TB has multiplying bacteria and symptoms.
49
Can a person with latent TB infection spread the disease to others?
No, only individuals with active TB disease can transmit TB.
50
How does TB preventive therapy (TPT) help in latent TB infection?
TPT prevents the progression to active TB disease.
51
What is the purpose of TB treatment during the active phase?
To cure the disease, prevent death, and stop transmission.
52
What significant update in TB management occurred in Ghana in 2013?
A TB prevalence survey led to changes in diagnosis guided by new screening algorithms.
53
What happened to the Cat II TB treatment regimen in Ghana in 2017?
It was phased out as a first-line re-treatment regimen.
54
What advancement in TB treatment was introduced in 2018 in Ghana?
A standard shorter MDR-TB regimen.
55
Why is GeneXpert preferred for diagnosing TB over smear microscopy?
GeneXpert is more sensitive and provides results quickly.
56
What are some classical chest X-ray findings in TB patients?
Upper zone patchy or nodular shadows and cavitations.
57
What is the current policy for diagnosing TB in Ghana according to the NTP?
The first line of diagnosis is the Gene Xpert/MTB-Rif test.
58
Why is awareness about TB and its risks important for vulnerable individuals?
It helps in early recognition and treatment of TB in those at higher risk.
59
What should be considered for patients with a chronic cough not responding to antibiotics?
The possibility of tuberculosis should be considered.
60
Why is screening important for migrants from high TB prevalence countries?
To identify and treat individuals with symptoms of TB.
61
What is the relationship between HIV infection and TB?
The possibility of HIV infection should be considered in all TB cases.
62
Why is a surveillance network important in TB management?
For prompt case detection and necessary action.
63
What measures should be taken for individuals with active TB infection?
Isolate or quarantine them and treat aggressively.
64
What is the BCG vaccine, and how is it administered?
A live attenuated bacilli vaccine derived from Mycobacterium bovis, administered percutaneously (0.2-0.3 ml).
65
How does the BCG vaccine help in TB prevention?
It offers protection from active TB, especially in infants and young children.
66
Why might TB still occur in adults despite childhood BCG vaccination?
Adults exposed to virulent TB bacilli can still develop the disease.
67
What is the purpose of the tuberculin test after BCG vaccination?
To check for immunity; if negative, the vaccination may need to be repeated.
68
What are the first-line drugs for TB treatment?
Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Ethambutol, Pyrazinamide, and Streptomycin (HRZES).
69
Name a few second-line drugs used in TB treatment.
Capreomycin, Amikacin, Kanamycin, Cycloserine, and Ethionamide Ciprofloxacin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin.
70
How do first-line TB drugs compare to second-line drugs?
First-line drugs have higher efficacy and an acceptable degree of toxicity.

TB (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions