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Bordetella etc Flashcards

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1
Q

Bordetella: Key characteristics

A 
Gram -
Small
Cocco-bacillus
Slower growth- optimal growth T 30-37C
Obligate symbiotic 
Facultative pathogenic
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2
Q

Bordetella: pathogenesis

A

Facultative pathogen
In the upper respiratory tract of many animal species
-Affinity for ciliated respiratory epithelium (adhesion)

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3
Q

Bordetella Virulence Factors- Filamentous haemagglutinin

A

Adhesion and hemagglutination

Most important one; attaches also to macrophages

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4
Q

Bordetella Virulence Factors- fimbriae

A

Role unclear

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5
Q

Bordetella Virulence Factors- pertactin

A

Outer membrane protein

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6
Q

Bordetella Virulence Factors- dermonecrotic toxin

A

damages nasal tissue and osteoblasts

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7
Q

Bordetella Virulence Factors-Tracheal cytotoxin

A

Destruction of ciliated respiratory epithelium

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8
Q

Bordetella Virulence Factors-Adenylate-cylase

A

RTX family of toxins (repeat in toxin)

Inhibition of function of neutrophils poreforming

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9
Q

Main pathology in:

A 
Pigs- pneumonia and atrophic rhinitis
Dogs- kennel cough
rabbits
guinea pigs
Less in: cats, horses
Seldom- ruminants
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10
Q

Bordetella bronchiseptica in pigs-Pneumonic bordetellosis

A

Age < 1 week: primary infection

Age > 1 week: secondary infection

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11
Q

Bordetella bronchiseptica in pigs-Pneumonic bordetellosis: symptoms

A

Symptoms: coughing and dyspnea in young animals
In general, no fever
Morbidity: high
Mortality: variable to high

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12
Q

Bordetella bronchiseptica in pigs-Pneumonic bordetellosis: lesions in lungs

A

frontal and mid lobus
Go from red to brown/yellow-brown
Chronic: dry aspect
Purulent bronchiolitis and alveolitis

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13
Q

Bordetella bronchiseptica in pigs- non progressive atrophic rhinitis

A

Only B. bronchiseptica involved
Dermonecrotic toxin production increases:
-damage of nasal mucosae
-production of mucus

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14
Q

Bordetella bronchiseptica in pigs- progressive atrophic rhinitis

A 
\+ pasteurella multocida
B bronchiseptica:
- mucus production is sufficient 
-damage of epithelium (NH3)
High infection pressure 
Multiplication of P multocida
DNT/PMT production of P multocida: activation of osteroclasts
-increased bone damage
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15
Q

Bordetella bronchiseptica in pigs-severity

A

Depends on:
infection pressure
age of colonization with Bb and Pm
dust ventilation

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16
Q

Bordetella bronchiseptica in pigs- symptoms

A 
Sniffling
sneezing
progressive disease
tears
serious: + blood
Nose: anatomical deviation
      Skewed, ribbings of skin, shortening
Growth of the animals is less good
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17
Q

Bordetella bronchiseptica in pigs-epidemiology

A 
Bb colonizes easier than Pm
Direct contact-aersosol (short distance)
Bb: sow to offspring
Pm: older piglets to younger 
Helps to develop a treatment strategy with management factors including
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18
Q

Bordetella bronchiseptica in pigs- treatment

A

Difficult- no optimal therapy

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19
Q

Bordetella bronchiseptica in pigs- treatment- hygiene, management factors

A

Compartmentation (ages, transmission between compartments)
Ventilation
Constant temp

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20
Q

Bordetella bronchiseptica in pigs- treatment- Antimicrobials

A

Pm has quite some acquired resistance
Bb: naturally little susceptible to Nitrofurantoin, Spectinomycin, streptomycin, ceftiofur, ampicillin, amoxycillin
Pm: quite some AMR

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21
Q

Bordetella bronchiseptica in pigs- treatment- vaccination

A 
Sows
DNT of Pm must be included 
Inactivated Bb
Head liable toxin of Pm
Vaccination of piglets- questionable result
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22
Q

Bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs (and cats)

A 
Kennel cough
-rhinitis 
-laryngitis
-Tracheobronchitis
-Pneumonia and pleuritis
Frequently complicated with other pathogens
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23
Q

Bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs (and cats)-infection

A

Endogenic

Exogenic

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24
Q

Bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs (and cats)- symptoms

A

Onset: in general 6-7 weeks old (early 3-4 weeks)
Dry cough
Nose, eye
General symptoms: T0, food intake, activity

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25
Bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs (and cats)- immunity
Slow development of local antibodies | Thus long excretion (14 weeks)
26
Bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs (and cats)- treatment
Mostly self-limiting disease Rest Symptomatic: inhibition of cough (care) Antibiotic eg. tetracyclines, only when + general symptoms Aerosolization (polymixin B, kanamycin, gentamicin) sometimes done
27
Bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs (and cats)- prevention
Hygiene and disinfection Vaccination (combo with virus) Inactivated vaccine -primo vaccine: 2 injections, 3 weeks in between; yearly rappel. (interference with maternal immunity till W 4-6) live vaccine: age 3 wks; nasal inoculation; no antibiotics; fast protection (72h); less interference with maternal immunity; yearly rappel
28
Bordetella bronchiseptica in horses
Seldom | Similar to cats and dogs
29
Bordetella bronchiseptica in horses-treatment
prevention of dust (for all respiratory diseases) Rest: 3 wks for full recovery Prevention of inhalation of spores of fungi -wetting hay: in bath with water (spray not enough) -Feeding on floor -Replace hay eventually by alfalfa -avoid straw
30
Bordetella bronchiseptica in rabbits
Nearly all: carriers
31
Bordetella bronchiseptica in rabbits- symptoms
``` nasal discharge Sneezing, snoring Congestion Conjunctivitis Tears Eye localization: blindness Ear infection Abscesses +pasteurella multocida: bronchopneumonia ```
32
Bordetella bronchiseptica in rabbit- treatment
depending on stage - mostly not necessary - antibiotics: be careful
33
Bordetella avium: turkeys
``` Coryza: -Rhinotracheitis -Acute (W 1-6) or chronic -frequently complicated (bacteria, virus) Environmental contamination ``` Respiratory problems in turkeys
34
Bordetella avium: turkeys-etiology
Complex Bordetella avium- primary agent Most frequently complication with TRT virus Also included in swollen head syndrome with involvement of E coli
35
Bordetella avium: turkeys- symptoms
high morbidity, low mortality growth reduction seromucous nose discharge with sneezing and head shaking eye further evolution: tracheal rales, open beak respiration, dirt on wings
36
Bordetella avium: turkeys-Prevention
``` Older animals: carriers -separation of ages Transfer via floor bedding, drinking water -hygiene Vaccination of mother animals ```
37
Bordetella avium: turkeys-treatment
Antibiotics have little effect
38
Bordetella: diagnosis
``` Cultivation: -sampling nose (tonsils): clean nose before, deep, in transport medium -slow growth -better at 30 than 37C -blood agar plates -overgrowth problems Serology PCR ```
39
Moraxella: characteristics
``` Gram - pleomorphic rods Generally in pairs or short chains Non-motile Catalase and oxidase positive Obligate symbiotic Obligate pathogenic Quite resistant in the environment ```
40
Moraxella: virulence
Essential: fimbriae/pilli- adhesion to host cell (eye): conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells Capsule LPS Exotoxins- cytotoxin, pore forming toxin (RTX)
41
Moraxella: Pathogenesis
Adhesion: fimbriae Toxin production; RTX toxin, cytotoxicity Tissue destruction Inflammation Further damage Increased susceptibility to other pathogens and noninfectious agents (dust, flies) Irreversible eye damage
42
Moraxella: predisposing factors
``` Young cattle Flies Eye irritation (dust, sun, etc) Bovine Herpesvirus 1 infection Other bacteria ```
43
Moraxella: Transmission
Direct contact with infected animal | Flies
44
Moraxella: Prevention
Flies Dust Elimination of other predisposing factors Vaccination: bacterin, 4 wks or older, reduction of disease
45
Moraxella: treatment
antibiotics: local and eventually systemic -tetracyclin, florfenicol Corticosteroids -if inflammation is serious In separate stable no flies/dust: transmission
46
Glaesserella parasuis: characteristics
``` Glasser disease- pigs only NAD dependent (staph needed for culture) Obligate symbiotic Little resistance in environment Host specific Facultative pathogenic - commensals of mucosae- respiratory system and genital tract Differences in virulence (serotype dependent) Rare but worldwide Age: 2w-4m (mainly at weaning) ```
47
Glaesserella parasuis: virulence and pathogenesis
``` endogenic, exogenic Respiratory and genital mucosae Septicemia: general symptoms, acute mortality Meningitis: CNS symptoms OR polyserositis, polyarthritis ```
48
Glaesserella parasuis: treatment
Antimicrobials | At onset of outbreak: all piglets of litter 1M injections
49
Glaesserella parasuis: prevention
Vaccination (not always successful) | Sometimes farm specific bacterin/autogenous vaccine
50
Haemophilus felis
Little known about this bacterium Present in health cats Has been associated in cats with: pneumonis, chronic; conjunctivitis Rare
51
Histophilus somnei- characteristics
2 days incubation with 5-10% CO2- thus freq overgrowth Facultative pathogen Obligate symbiotic Colonizes the mucosal surface of ruminants esp urogenital
52
Histophilus somnei- virulence factors
lipo-oligosaccharides: endotoxin -immune evasion and complement resistance -apoptosis of pulmonary and brain endothelial cells -colonization of reparatory tract -activation of thrombocytes: intravascular coagulation OMPs -transferrin binding proteins -Ig binding proteins IpbA: crossing the epithelial cells by cell disruption: intravascular coagulation -intracellular survival (phagocytes) Biofilms
53
Histophilus somnei- pathogenesis
``` Septicaemia CNS (TEME: trombo embolic meningo-encephalitis: sleepers disease) Arthritis Retinitis, conjunctivitis Myocarditis pneumonia, tracheitis Mastitis Aboriton Otitis ```
54
Histophilus somnei-diagnosis
Symptoms (TEME) | Bacterial culture
55
Histophilus somnei-treatment
Antibiotics | Little successful when: septicemic, TEME, myocarditis, polyarthritis, mastitis
56
Histophilus somnei-Vaccines
Available, also in combination with other pathogens
57
Avibacterium paragallinarum- characteristics
``` Obligate symbiotic Little resistant in environment NAD dependent Several serovars Pathogen for mainly chickens -infectious coryza: rhinitis and sinusitis -freq hobby chickens -occasionally pheasant, guinea fowl, quail Freq mixed infections ```
58
Avibacterium paragallinarum- virulence factors
Capsule (polysaccharides): anti-phagocytosis, anti-complement Adhesions: fimbriae Endotoxin Iron acquisition
59
Avibacterium paragallinarum- pathogenesis
Adhesion upper respiratory tract Carriers Transmission via drinking water or aerosol stress
60
Avibacterium paragallinarum- symptoms, acute
General symptoms and anorexia | conjunctivitis
61
Avibacterium paragallinarum- symptoms, subacute
Freq complicatede with viruses and other bacteria sinusitis and pus oedema head and neck
62
Avibacterium paragallinarum-symptoms, chronic
when complications occur Decreased egg production layers Poor growth: broilers
63
Avibacterium paragallinarum- diagnosis
symptoms and bacterial culture
64
Avibacterium paragallinarum-treatment
antibiotics (only successful when beginning of disease
65
Avibacterium paragallinarum- prevention
Eliminate carriers | Vaccination
66
Ornithobacterium: characteristics
In different bird species -chickens, turkeys, partridges, pheasents, pigeons 18 serotypes facultative pathogen
67
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale: pathogenesis
``` Colonizes- nose, infraorbital sinus Stress, intercurrent respiratory infections, high density, ventilation, ammonia concentrations Trachea airsac lung pericarditis ```
68
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale: symptoms
``` sneezing and nose exudate Coughing depression swelling sinus and facial odema Anorexia Dyspnea Mortality: low (1-3%) ```
69
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale: diagnosis
``` Bacterial culture difficult -slow growth -freq overgrown by other bacteria -needs co2 ELISA (but only the most prevalent serotype included; no complete cross reaction between serotypes ```
70
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale: treatment
Antibiotics: care! - natural resistance to sulphonamides, pyrimidines, and aminoglycosides - high prevalence of acquired resistance: susceptibility testing
71
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale: prevention
Management: avoid predisposing factors | Vaccination

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