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Pasturella etc Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Pasteurella multocida- key characteristics

A

Gram -
Obligate symbiotic
Little resistance in environment
Capsule: types A-E (antigenic properties)
-type A: mucoid, capsule + hyaluronic acid
-Subdivision based on somatic antigens

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2
Q

Pasteurella multocida- virulence factor

A

Fimbriae- adhesion
Outer membrane proteins-adhesion
Capsule- anti-phagocytic
Siderophores and OMPs- iron acquisition
Repeat in toxin (RTX)- leukotoxin; lysis of erythrocyte; inflammatory rxn
Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT)- activation of osteoclasts (dermonecrotic toxin)

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3
Q

Pasteurella multocida- pathogenesis

A

High virulent strains: obligate pathogenic- septicemia
In bovines, birds, rabbits
Low virulent strains (nose and tonsils)
Facultative pathogenic: rhinitis, pneumonia
In pig, poultry, bovines, rabbits
Zoonotic aspect: cats and dogs

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4
Q

Pasteurella multocida- snuffles in rabbits

A 
Rhinitis
May evolve to: pleuropneumonia
Otitis
Conjunctivitis
Abscesses
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5
Q

Pasteurella multocida: in bovines-Low pathogenic serovars

A

bronchopneumonia in calves

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6
Q

Pasteurella multocida: - high pathogenic serovars

A 
Hemorrhagic septicemia 
also in camels
Serotypes:
  -B2 mainly south east asia
  -E2 mainly in Africa
  -Not in europe nor in USA
High mortalities (50-100%)
Spread by asymptomatic carriers (tonsils)
   -Direct contact
   -ticks and fleas
Therapy- Abs do not work
Inactivated vaccine
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7
Q

Pasteurella multocida: pigs

A

Atrophic rhinitis
Lung pasteurellosis: multifactorial disease, often secondary
-mainly capsule type A and somatic type 3
Aerosol transmission
Carriers (nose)
Suppurative bronchopneumonia and fibrinous pleuritis

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8
Q

Pasteurella multocida: fowl cholera

A

Different capsular types
Susceptibility differences
-duck>goose>turkey>chicken>pheasant>partrige> guinea fowl
In nose and beak of healthy animals
Entrance: mucosal mouth, throat, trachea, skin lesions
Septicemia: acute, subacute, chronic disease progression (depending on host)
Chicken and turkey; mainly young adult
Chicken : chronic: sneezing, nose excretions, edema head
Excretion: nose, mouth: drinking water, feed hygiene

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9
Q

Pasteurella multocida: cats and dogs

A

less virulent serotypes: on mucous membranes
-nose
-tonsils
Associated with respiratory tract infections
Licking of wounds: wound infection
Biting wounds and scratch lesions (humans included)
Cats biting a bird: bird gets pasteurella septicemia
-in the eventual case: always give antibiotics (the bird may rarely survive the infection)

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10
Q

Pasteurella multocida: diagnosis

A

Bacteriology

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11
Q

Pasteurella multocida: treatment

A

Antibiotics
Little success hen hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle
Antimicrobial resistance is a problem

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12
Q

Pasteurella multocida: prevention

A

Vaccines for pigs, chicken and cattle

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13
Q

Mannheimia: key characteristics

A

Obligate symbiotic
Facultative pathogenic
Capsule types (A-F)
Low environmental resistance

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14
Q

Mannheimia haemolytica: virulence factors

A 
Leukotoxin (RTX)
 -low dose activation NF and MF
 -high dose: lysis phagocytes
 -only active on leucocytes of bovines and sheep
 -strong antigen
Transferrin binding proteins
Capsule (anti-phagocytosis)
Adhesion: fimbriae and OMPs
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15
Q

Mannheimia haemolytica: pathogenesis

A

facultative pathogenic

Origin: nose, tonsils, nasopharynx

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16
Q

Mannheimia haemolytica: pigs

A

Rarely seen in pigs

  • septicemia
  • meningitis
  • respiratory complication after
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17
Q

Mannheimia haemolytica: sheep and bovines- symptoms

A

Pneumonia (both primary and secondary infection are possible)
Septicemia

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18
Q

Mannheimia haemolytica- sheep/goat

A

on mucosal of nose and tonsil
all serotypes
Little to no acquired antimicrobial resistance

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19
Q

Mannheimia haemolytica: bovine

A

Serotypes- 1,2,6
Seldom found in nose; tonsils/nasopharynx (low numbers)
Quite some acquired antimicrobial resistance, esp in USA
Role in bacterial bronchopneumonia in calves

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20
Q

Bacterial bronchopneumonia in calves

A

Multifactorial disease
Environmental factors
Bacterial infections
Viral infections

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21
Q

Bacterial bronchopneumonia in calves by m haemolystica and P multocida

A 
Shipping fever/bovine respiratory disease
Stress-> multiplication in nasopharynx
-> excretion: high numbers
-> lung, fibronecrotic bronchopneumonia
Septicemia phace
Contamination of other animals
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22
Q

Bacterial bronchopneumonia in calves- immunity

A

Mainly antibody mediated immunity
Presence in tonsils: antibody production and partial protection
Protective antigens:
-leukotoxin: strong antigen
-adhesins (some OMPs and fimbriae): strong antigens
-capsule: not a good grade of protection
-transferrin binding proteins: string antigens
Vaccinen however needs a combination of factors to be effective

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23
Q

Bacterial bronchopneumonia in calves- symptoms

A

respiratory distress

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24
Q

Bacterial bronchopneumonia in calves- lung lesions

A

Different grades of lung lesions, depending on complicating infections

  • fibrinous necrotizing bronchopneumonia
  • serofibrinous pleurites
  • well defined pneumonia zones
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25
Bacterial bronchopneumonia in calves- diagnosis
Bacterial culture from lungs, BAL, nose (though difficult interpretation) Little resistant: quick to lab
26
Bacterial bronchopneumonia in calves- treatment
antibiotics (high level of resistance
27
Bacterial bronchopneumonia in calves: prevention
ventilation and thermoregulation Feed: reduce storage fermentation (lower energy concentration) Vaccination (success is variable)
28
Bibersteinia trehalosi
Upper respiratory tracts and tonsils of healthy sheep and other ruminants Only found pathogenic for sheep Septicemia at age of 5-12 months; resembles bovine hemorrhagic septicemia Acute mortality
29
Bibersteinia trehalosi: predisposing factors
Stress | Management changes
30
Bibersteinia trehalosi: treatment
antibiotics
31
Bibersteinia trehalosi: prevention
Prevention of predisposing factors
32
Actinobacillus- key characteristics
Pasteurellaceae | Gram -
33
A pleuropneumoniae: key characteristics
V impt disease only in swine rearing- host specific Worldwide Obligate symbiotic Not so resistant in environment
34
A pleuropneumoniae: biotypes
Biotype 1: NAD-dependent Biotype 2: NAD-independent NAD: a coenzyme that functions as a biochemical electron carrier
35
A pleuropneumoniae: serotypes
16 serotypes- some of which are divided into subtypes Difference in virulence between serotypes But also within serotypes there may be differences in virulence Geographical difference in prevalence
36
A pleuropneumoniae: virulence
1. adhesion to lung epithelial: fimbriae 2. multiplication: Fe necessary - transferring binding proteins - hemoglobin binding proteins 3. exotoxin production: 4 apx toxins 4. Capsule: immune evasion 5. Outer membrane proteins 7. Enzymes- proteases, Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase 8. Heat shock proteins
37
A pleuropneumoniae: pathogenesis
Adhesion lung alveoli: fimbriae/OMPs -> multiplication-> APX toxin and transferrin binding proteins Capsule: immune evasion Enzymes (proteases. SODs) Heat shock proteins Spread from pig to pig via direct contact or aerosol Spread through stable: ventilation, regrouping of pigs, farmer
38
A pleuropneumoniae: exotoxin production: APX toxins
RTX toxins: make pores into cells (blood cells, endothelial cells, alveolar epithelial cells) Effects on phagocytes: low does=O2 radicals; high dose=lytic I, II, III (variably present), IV (in all) IV: only expression in vivo- necessary for full virulence I: strong hemolytic and cytolytic effects II: weak hemolytic and cytolytic effects III: strong cytolytic
39
A pleuropneumoniae: virulence and pathogenesis
Carriers: nose, tonsils, long noduli Predisposing factors: bacteria dependent, virulence factors host dependent: stress Transport, pen exchanges, overpopulation, climate not adapted, ventilation, after another infection
40
A pleuropneumoniae: symptoms
``` Respiratory distress General symptoms Hyperacute- couple of hours Acute Chronic ```
41
A pleuropneumoniae: lesions
Fibrinous pleuritis Hemorrhagic necrotizing pneumonia Adhesive pleuritis Noduli
42
A pleuropneumoniae: Immunity
``` Mainly antibody mediated Antigens generating protective antibodies (included in vaccines) -type IV fimbriae -transferrin binding proteins -Apx toxins ```
43
A pleuropneumoniae: diagnosis
``` Symptoms Autopsy Bacterial culture -samples need to be fast in the lab (little resistant, postmortem contaminants may overgrow), eventually freeze and -20 -slow grower -staphylococcus necessary -Co2 enriched environment -selective media Serology -only of value at farm level Detection of carriers -antibodies -bacterial culture, swab from nose or tonsils ```
44
A pleuropneumoniae: treatment
``` Hygiene Antimicrobials: -sick: parenteral then better, per os (freq too late) -not sick yet- per os -not so much acquired resistance ```
45
A pleuropneumoniae: vaccine
Bacterins: +/- Apx toxins: + Apx and transferring binding proteins: ++ Apx and TBP and type 4 fimbriae: +++
46
Actinobacillus suis
Lesion similar to APP but less extensive - toxins related to Apx I and II Carriers: tonsils and vagina Pathogenic for mice Sporadic Limited number of animals affected Acute: acute mortality with clinical symptoms =APP in young animals Less acute: general symptoms, respiratory distress and poly arthritis in older piglets In adult pigs: general symptoms (subcutaneous abscesses and meningitis possible) Diagnosis: bacteriology Treatment: antibiotics
47
Actinobacillus equuil: horses
carriers mouth and gi tract | Aqx toxins
48
Actinobacillus equuil: foal
septicemia with frequently kidney failure sleepy foal disease: acute infection, death within few days after birth Enteritis More general localization: slimy pus treatment (ab): fails most of the times Lack of colostrum is the main cause
49
Actinobacillus equuil: adult
``` Rare Abortions or birth of sleepy foal disease foal Reparatory distress Septicemia Cutaneous abscesses Localization in joints ```
50
Actinobacillus lignieresi
Inhabitant of nasopharynx (cattle, sheep, horses) Infection of weak tissues (tongue): connective tissue proliferation Rare endogenic infection in mainly cows- rarely in sheep, soft tissue infections (after biting) and stomatitis in horses Nosocomial outbreak: contaminated surgical stuff from vet -atypical lesions at surgical site Lesions: capsule of connective tissue with multiple granulomas containing yellowing pus and sulfer granules Wooden tongue or timber tongue
51
Actinobacillus lignieresi: diagnosis
``` Symptoms (wooden tongue and drooling) Histology Microscopy of granules- native or HE- typical structure -gram: gram negative microorganisms DD: actinomycosis (affects the bones) Nocardiosis ```
52
Actinobacillus lignieresi: therapy
Prognosis only positive in initial phase Surgery: resection or opening of abscesses Local unguents base on iodine or kalium iodine Freq relapses
53
Bartonella
``` Gram neg Aerobic Culture: 1-5 wks Different species, only important one is: bartonella henselae Zoonotic ```
54
Bartonella henselae: pathogenesis
Infections in cats Transmission: fleas Subclinical infection and vague symptoms Bacteremia: in RBCs for months/years; intermitted present; intracellular in RBCs
55
Bartonella henselae: immunity
After infection immunity to reinfection with homologous strain
56
Bartonella henselae:
Infectious in cats (dogs) vague symptoms, duration 1-7 days Mainly in animals <1 and associated with flea infestation Swelling lymph nodes Lethargic, anorexia Mild neurologic symptoms Endocarditis Retrovirus infection: worse course of the disease
57
Bartonella henselae: prevalences
4-80% of cats positive | 15-55% of cats positive
58
Bartonella henselae: diagnosis
culture: difficult ELISA PCR
59
Bartonella henselae: zoonosis
Cat scratch disease- bacillary angiomatosis, bacillary pelisses, relapsing bacteremia Mainly seen in persons with reduced immunity, in poor condition Mainly in younger persons Most of the time no real problem; self limiting lymphadenopathy
60
Bartonella henselae: Zoonosis entrance
Wounds (cat scratch) fleas eye mucosae
61
Bartonella henselae: prevention
flea prevention disinfection of cat scratches/bites immunodeficient persons and sick children should not be in contact with cats
62
Streptobacillus
Division of fusobacteria Normla microbiota of mouth and throat of rats Cervical lymphadenitis in guinea pigs
63
Streptobacillus: zoonotic
Rat bite fever in humans | Contaminated food and drinking water: haverhill fever
64
Spirillum
``` Cannot be cultured on artificial media Needs animal inoculation- IP in guinea pig or mouse Found in rats -blood, conjunctiva, mouth Mainly seen in asia ```
65
Spirillum minus: rats
Conjunctivitis Bronchopneumonia Septicemia
66
Spirillum minus: cats and pigs
Rare Eating of infected animals General symptoms and lymphadenopathy
67
Spirillum minus: humans
Bites or scratch of infected rat | rat bite fever

Bacteriology (12 decks)

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