Botany Flashcards
(349 cards)
1
Q
The relationships among population growth, natural resources consumption, and environmental degradation are
A
Complex
2
Q
Humans and other animals depend on plants to produce food by?
A
Photosynthesis
3
Q
The Scientric study of Plants
A
Botany
4
Q
Botanikos means
A
Botanical
5
Q
involves te origin, diversity. structure and internal processes of plants relationships with other organisms and nonliving physical
environment
A
Botany
6
Q
In french, Botanique means
A
Botanical
7
Q
Botanical study of drugs, spices and poisonous plants
A
Pharmaceutical Botany
8
Q
Boskein means
A
To feed
9
Q
Deals with the description, naming and classification of plants
A
TAXONOMY
10
Q
Botane means
A
Plant or herb
11
Q
Botanikos means
A
Botanical
12
Q
Asking a question, formulating a hypothesis - conducting experiments-developing a theory
A
Scientific method
13
Q
Describes the procedures of developing and testing hypothesis
A
Scientific method
14
Q
Experimentation observation - verifying or discarding of information
A
Scientific procedures
15
Q
Tentative, unproven explanation for something that has been observed. Testing will determine whether it is correct or
incorrect.
A
Hypothesis
16
Q
iAn educated guess (based on previous observations) that may be true and is testable by observation and experimentation
A
Hypothesis
17
Q
Good experiments are run in two
forms. What are they?
A
Variables and Control
18
Q
Good experiments are run in two
forms. What are they?
A
Variables and Control
19
Q
Formulation of a useful generalization
A
Principle
20
Q
What are the 4 major periods of plant evolution?
A
Bryophytes
Seedless vascular plants
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
21
Q
Plant adaptations
A
Adaptation to water
Adaptation to air
Adaptation to extreme dryness
22
Q
Plant adaptations
A
Adaptation to water
Adaptation to air
Adaptation to extreme dryness
23
Q
Study of organisms and their environment.
A
Ecology
24
Q
Branch of science devoted to the mitigation of environmental damage.
A
Restoration ecology
25
What are the 10 DOH approved medicinal plants
Akapulko (Cassia Alata)
Ampalaya (memordica indica)
Bawang (Allium Sativum)
Bayabas (Psidium guajava)
Lagundi (vitex negundo)
Niyog-niyogan (Quisqualis Indica L.)
Sambong (Bluemea balsamifera)
Tsaang gubat (carmona etusa/ Ehretia microphylla Lam.)
Ulasimang bato ( Peperomia Pellucida)
Yerba buena (Mentha Cordifelia)
26
the study of renewing a degraded, damaged, or destroyed ecosystem through active human intervention
restoration ecology
27
first identified and coined in the late 1980s by John Aber and William
Jordan
Restoration ecology
28
They were the first to identify and coined Restoration Ecology in 1980’s?
John Aber and William
Jordan
29
They were the first to identify and coined Restoration Ecology in 1980’s?
John Aber and William
Jordan
30
Akapulko scientific name
Cassia alata
31
Use of Cassia Alata
Used to treat ring worms and skin fungal infections
32
Bayabas scientific name
Psidium Guajava
33
Allium Sativum is?
Bawang or garlic
34
Bayabas is jsed gor?
to disinfect wounds.
Also, it can be used as a mouth wash to treat tooth decay and gum infection.
35
Memordica Charantia is used for?
a treatment of diabetes (diabetes mellitus), for the non-insulin dependent patients.
36
Memordica Charantia is used for?
a treatment of diabetes (diabetes mellitus), for the non-insulin dependent patients.
37
Vitex negundo is used gor?
for the relief of coughs and asthma.
38
English name of lagundi
5-leave chaste tree
39
What is qualisquilis indica L. Conmon name?
Niyog-niyogan
40
Niyog niyoga is used for?
the elimination of intestinal worms, particularly the Ascaris and Trichina.
41
Sambong or?
Blumea balsamifera
42
Blumea balsamifera is used for what?
A diuretic that helps in the excretion of urinary stones. used in an edema.
43
Tsaang gubat scientaigic name?
Carmona Retusa/Ehretia microphylla Lam.
44
Tsaang gubat or Carmona Retusa/Ehretia microphylla Lam.
effective in treating intestinal motility and also used as a mouth wash since the leaves of this shrub has high fluoride content.
45
Ulasimang bato or?
Peperomia Pellucida
46
Yerba buena or?
Mentha cordifelia
47
Peperomia Pellucida Commonly known as?
Pansit pansitan or ulasimang bato
48
Yerba buena is used for?
used as an analgesic to relive body aches and pain.
49
Plants that are adaptive to very dry environment are called?
XEROPHYTES
50
Plants that grow on other plants?
Epiphytes
51
important in cell movement
Unbranched thin, hollow. twelike structures that resembles tiny straw
Composed of tubulins.
Cytoskeleton
52
Networks of fibers that provides structures to cells
Cytoskeleton
53
Two types of fibers
Microtubules and Microfilaments
54
Two types of fibers
Microtubules and Microfilaments
55
Control he addition of cellulose to the cell wall and is involved in the cell division, movement of cytoplasmic organellas, control of the movement of vesicles and movoment of the tiny, whiplike flogella and cilo possessed by some cells.
Microtubules
56
hairlike extensions of the colls that ald in
locomotion:
Cilia
57
longer than the cilia, occur in smaller
numbers
Flagella
58
Microtubules are composed of proteins called
Tubulins
59
They are unbranched thin hollow, tubelike structure that resembles liny straws
Microtubules
60
Plays a major role in the contraction and movement of
cells in multicellular anim als and is present in near all cells
Microfilaments
61
They are 3-ax thinner than microtubulos.
Microfilaments
62
A comparatively nigid supporting wall axterior to tho plasma membrane in plants, fungi prokaryotes and
certain profist.
Cell wall
63
a coating secreted by the cell
Cell Wall
64
contain certain oxidativo enzymes that are responsible for breaking such fatty acids into simpler forms
Peroxomes
65
Support and protects each plant cell white providing routes for water and dissolved matorials to pass to and from the cell
Cell wall
66
Provides strength to the entire plants
Cell wall
67
When the cells divide they go through an orderly serios of events it is divided into
Interphase and Mitosis
68
The stage of the cell cycle between successive mitotic divisions
Interphase
69
hase of the cell cycle where the cells grows and makes a copy of its DNA
Interphase
70
First gap phase. it is the time between the end of the previous cell division and the beginning of
DNA replication
G1 phase
71
Interphase is subdivided into 3 periods. What are they?
G1, S, G2
72
Lengthy and begins immediately after a nucleus has
divided
G1 phase
73
Process of DNA replication takes placo.
S phase
74
Synthesis phase
S phase
75
Synthesis phase
S phase
76
Second gap phase, increased protein synthesis occurs
G2 phase
77
organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced
Cell prepares for mitosis
G2 phase
78
colls carry out metabolic activities to prepare for
tho s phase
G1 phase
79
colls carry out metabolic activities to prepare for
tho s phase
G1 phase
80
The division of the cell nucleus resulting in two daughter nuclel each with the same number of
chromosomes as the parent nucleus
Mitosis
81
Refers to the division of the nuclous alone, but with a lew exceptions seen in algae and fung
Occurs in the cell untit it dies.
Mitosis
82
Flawering plants conifers and higher plants mitosis occurs in specific regions, or tissues are called
Meristems
83
Phase of the cell cycle where the cell separates its
DNA into two sets and divides, forming two new cells.
Mitosis
84
Before Prophase, band is formed from microtubutes and microfilaments Insido the plasma membrano, develops in a narrow bundie around the nuclous
Preprophase
85
Its main features are
1. The chr&mosomes become shorter and thicker, and their two-stranded nature bocomos apparent
2 The nuclear envelope dissociates. and the nucleolus disintegrates
Prophase
86
Function in the formation of the spindle
fiber during cell division and consist of a cylinder with fine microtubules arranged peripherally in a circle
Centriole
87
the centriole-containing region of clo cytoplasm adjacent to the cell nucleus
Centrosome
88
cleavage of cytoplasm into daughter
cells following nuclear division
Cytokinesis
89
Chrom Ssomos condense and become visible
Spindle fibers emerge " from the chromosome
Nuclear envelope breaks
down
Centrosomes movo
lowards opposito poles
Prophase
90
{chromosomes continue to
condense
Pro metaphase
91
Kinetochores appear at the centromeres
Mitotic spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores
Prometaphase
92
The main feature is the allgnment of
the chromosomes in a circlo midway between the two polos around the circumferico of the spindle
Metaphase
93
Chromosomes are lined up at this phase
Metaphase
94
Each sister chromatid is attached to a spindio fiber originaling form opposite poles
Metaphase
95
Briefest of the phases involves the
Sister chromatids of each chromosomo separatio and moving to opposite poles.
Anaphase
96
All of the chromosomes separate and
move at the sai timo
Anaphase
97
Five min features
1 Each group of daughter chiremosomes becomes surrounded by a reformed nuclei envelope
2. Daughter chromosomes become longer and thinner and finally indistinguishable
3. Nucleoli reappear
4. Many of the spindle fibers disinteorale
5. Cell plates form.
Telophase
98
It absorb water and minerals in ition mostly through feeder roots found in the upper meter of the soil.
Roots
99
How Roots Develop:
Seed germinate-tiny rootlike radicle part of embryo within it grows out and develops into new root.
100
How Roots Develop:
Seed germinate-tiny reptlike radicle part of embryo within it grows out and develops into new root.
101
Twd Types Root:
Taproot
Adventitious
102
thick, tapered from which thinner branch roots arise.
Taproot
103
arise from stem, attached to the radicle and continuous with it.
they develop from a stem or leaf instead from another root
Adventitious
104
It is the main root growing
deep into the soil. A root fem consisting of ono prominent main root with smaller lateral roots branching from it.
This is a characteriStics of many eudicots and gymnosperms.
Taproot
105
(or fibrous root/is made up of a group of roots of similar size and similar shapes.
Adventitious roots
106
Examples of taproots
Gabi, carrots, radish
107
Have large numbers of fine roots od similar diameter then es velops from adventitious roots.
Fibrous root system
108
one seed leaf (corn, rice) have fibrous root systems
Monocotyledonous plants
109
A root system consisting of several adventitious roots of approximately equal size that arise from the base of the stem
Fibrous root system
110
It has Four Regions or Zones
Three of which are not sharply defined at their boundaries.
The cells of each region gradually develop the form of those of the next recion.
Root structure
111
Root region:
1 Root Cap
2. The Region of Cell Division
3. The Region of Elongation
4. The Region of Maturation
112
A covering of cells over the root tip that protects the delicate meristematic tissue directly behind it
Root cap
113
It protect from damage the delicate tissue behind it as the young root tip pushes through often angular and abrasive soil particles.
Root caps
114
plastids that contain starch grains. Acts as gravity sensors, collecting on the sides of root cap cells facing the direction of gravitational force
Amyloplast
115
Composed of thimble-shaped mass of parenchyma cells covering the tip of each roots
Root cap
116
The division are often rhythmic, reaching a peak once or twice each day, usually oward noon and midnight, with relatively quiescent intermediate periods. Cells in this region are mostly cubical, with relatively large, more or less centrally located nuclel and a few very small vacuoles
The Region of cell division
117
The apical meristem soon
subdivides into three
meristematic areas. What are they?
Protoderm
Ground Meristem
Procamblum
118
The apical meristem soon
subdivides into three
meristematic areas. What are they?
Protoderm
Ground Meristem
Procamblum
119
appears as a solid cylinder in the center of the root, produces primary xylem and primary phloem.
Procamblum
120
gives rise to an outer layer of the cells, the epidermis
Protoderm
121
to the Inside if the protoderm, produces
parenchyma cells of the cortex,
The ground meristem
122
which originates from the ground meristem. is generally present in stems but is absent in most dicot roots
Pith (parenchyma) Tissue
123
It merges with apical meristem that extends about 1cm or less from the the of the root.
The tiny vacuoles merge and grow until one or two large vacuoles occupying up to 90% of the cell.
The Region of Elongation
124
Where the cells mature or differentiate into the various distinctive cell types of the primary tissues.
(The Region of Maturation)
Region of Differentiation or
Root-hair zone
125
thin enough in the
rot hairs and epideral cells of
cells mostly store food
roots in the region of maturation to allow water to be absorbed but still sufficient to protect against invasion by fungi or bacteria.
The cuticle
126
is composed of parenchyma
cells mostly store food
The cortex
127
inner boundary of cortex composed of suberin and lignin.
The endodermis
128
Found on radial and transverse cells.
Casparian strips
129
They prevent water from passing through otherwise permeable or porous cell wails.
Casparian strips
130
this regulates the types of minerals absorbed and transported by the root to the stems and leaves.
Plasmodesmata
131
They prevent water from passing through otherwise permeable or porous cell walls
Casparian strips
132
They served as The bridges between two plant cells
Plasmodesmata
133
core of tissues that is inside the endodermis.
Vascular cylinder
134
Important layer of
parenchyma tissue that is one cell wide.
They continue to divide even if they have matured. Lateral or branch roofs and part of the vascular cambium or dicots arise within this area.
Pericycle
135
In woody plants, what arises in the pericycle outside of the vascular cambium and gives rise to the cork tissue (periderm)
Cork cambium
136
-growth that stops after an organ such as flower or leaf is truty expanded or after plant has reached a certain size
Determinate Growth
137
occurs in tress and other perennials where new tissues are added indefinitely, season after seasons.
Indeterminate Growth
138
SPECIALIZED ROOTS
Food storage roots
Pneumatophores
Aerial roots
Parasitic roots
Water storage roots
Propagative roots
Contractile roots
139
tissues are a combination of root and stem
Food storage roots
140
tissues are a combination of root and stem
Food storage roots
141
tissues are a combination of root and stem
Food storage roots
142
Characteristica of plants that grow in arid regions e -Pumpkin Family (Cucurbitaceae)
Apparently used by the plants when supply in soil is Inadequate.
Water storage roots
143
or yams and sweet potatoes extra cambial cells develop in parts of the xylera of the branch roots and produce parenchyma cells-organs swell and provide storage areas for large amounts of starch and other carbohydrates (deadly poisonous water hemlocks, dandelions and in salsify)
Food storage roots
144
Produce adventitious buds (appearing in pbces other than the stems) along
the roots that grow near the surface of the ground
Propagative roots
145
The buds develop into aerial stems called suckers (have additional rootlets at their base). The root suckers can be separated from the original root and grown individually. E. Cherries, apples pears and other fruit trees.
Propagative roots
146
Spongy roots that develop due to plants that grow with their roots in water that have no enough oxygen available for normal respiration in the root cell. E g swamp plants and the yellow water weed.
Pneumatophores
147
Velamen roots of crchids, prop reats of corn and banyan trees, edventitious roots of ivies and photosynthetic roots of certain crchids.
Aerial roots
148
It extends above the water's surface and enhance gas exchange between the atmosphere and the subsurface roots to which they are connected.
Pneumatophores
149
Pull the plant deeper into the soil
Continue to pull down until an area of relatively stable temperature is reached.
Contractile roots
150
Some tropical trees have these growing in shallow oils toward the base of the trunk, giving them great stability
Buttress roots
151
They have no chtrophyll and have become dependent on chlorophyll-bearing plants for their nutrition.
Dodders, broomrapes and pinedrops
152
that develop along the stem In contact with the host. They penetrate the outer tissues and establish connections with the xylem and phioem. E.g. Indian warrior and mistletoe
Haustoria-peglike projections
153
organisms that lack chlorophyll and obtain nutrients from organic matter is most appropriately used to describe the way many fungi obtain nutrition.
Saprophyte
154
grow on other plants
and obtain moisture and nutrients from the air and rain. sag. orchids
Epiphytes
155
parasite of fungi in the soil, E.g. Indian pipe
Epiparasite
156
obtains some or all of its carbon from fungus rather than from photosynthesis. E.g. Indian pipe
Myco-heterotroph
157
Mutualistic association of roots and fungus
Mycorrhizae
158
found in trees like pines and oaks
Ectotrophic
159
found in trees like pines and oaks
Ectotrophic
160
hyphae invades celis of the corlex and a mantle is not present.
Woody and herbaceous plants.
Endotrophic
161
small swellings from the association of rost bacteria and plants such as from the Legume Family (Fabaceae) - peas, beans, alfalfa and few other plants such as alders,
Root nodules
162
Dynamic, complex, constantly changing part of the earth's crust that extends Tom a few centimeters deep in some places to hundreds of meters deep in others
Soil
163
Factors affecjing changes in sail:
1. Climate change
2. Parent material
3. Topography of the area
4. Vegetation
5. Living organisms
6. Time
164
Factors affecjing changes in sail:
1. Climate change
2. Parent material
3. Topography of the area
4. Vegetation
5. Living organisms
6. Time
165
Factors affecjing changes in sail:
1. Climate change
2. Parent material
3. Topography of the area
4. Vegetation
5. Living organisms
6. Time
166
upper layer usually extending down 10-20 centimeters
Top soil
167
10r 2 meters in an undisturbed area.
Horizons
168
darker and upper potion
A Horizon
169
Lighter and lower
portion
E Horizon
170
0.3-0.9-
meter, clay
B Horizob or subsoil
171
0.3-0.9-
meter, clay
B Horizob or subsoil
172
0.3-0.9-
meter, clay
B Horizob or subsoil
173
10 centimeters; soil parent material and extends down to bedrock
C horizon
174
composed of many small particles bound together chemically or by a cementing matrix.
Sand
175
consists of particles that are mostly too small to be seen without a lens or a microscope.
Silt
176
particles are so tiny that they cannot be seen through a powerful light microscope
Clay
177
individual clay particies
Micelles
178
individual clay particies
Micelles
179
Best agricultural solls
Loam
180
Mixture of sard, clay and organic matter.
o Better loams: 40% silt. 40% sand, and 20% clay
Loam
181
High sand, Low clay
Light soils
182
- High clay content
Heavy soil
183
- High clay content
Heavy soil
184
-Larger particles. porous, and don't refain much water
Coarse soils
185
High water content and allow little water to pass through.
Clay soils
186
physically bound to the soil particles and is unavailable to plants
Hygroscopic water
187
drains out of the pore spaces after a rain
Gravitational water
188
Were plant are mainly dependent. Water that held against the force of gravity, in pores of the soil
Capillary water
189
water remaining after such draining. Mainly governed by the texture of the soil.
Field capacity
190
if the water is not added to the soll, the rate of absorption of water is insufficient.
Permanent wilting point
191
Soil water between field capacity and permanent wilting point
Available water
192
Affects the soil and the plants.
Unusually acidic or alkaline
Toxic to the roots of other plants and mycorrhizae do not survive in soils with pH extremes
Soil pH
193
minerals such as copper, iron and manganese to become less available to plants
Alkalinity
194
If high enough, inhibits the growth of nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Acidity
195
common agricultural practice to counteract soil acidity by adding calcium or magnesium
Liming
196
makes alkaline soils acidic
Sulfur
197
Singular: mitochondrion
Mitochondria
198
An intercellular organelle associated with respiration: provides cells with atp
Mitochondria
199
Found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
Cristae
200
The fluid inside the mitochondrial membrane
Matrix
201
Contains ribosome, rna, dna, proteins and dissolved substances
Matrix
202
It is where energy is teleased from organic molecules by the process of cellular respiration
Mitochondria
203
Ellipsoidal in shape. Known as the protein manufacturing center of the cells
Ribosomes
204
A cellular organelle that is a site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
205
An organelle composed of an intervonnected network of internal membranes
Endoplasmic reticulum
206
Smooth Er:
Rough ER:
S er: lacks ribosomes
R er: associated with ribosomes
207
Lipid synthesis
Smooth Er
208
Synthesis, secretion, or storage of proteins
Rough er
209
Composed of stack of flattened membronous sacs that modifies packages, and sorts proteins that will be secreted or sent to the plasma membrane or other organelles
Golgi apparatus
210
Known as the post office of the cells
Golgi apparatus
211
Golgi apparatus is known as
Dictyosome
212
Tiny blister-like bodies, sac that contains cellular products
Vesicles
213
Maintains cells shape and making it turgid
Vacuole
214
Water-soluble pigments which are blue purple or red pigments that is responsible for the colors of the flowers
Anthocyanins
215
Watery fluid instead de the vacuole wihich helps maintain pressures within yhe cells and contains dissolved substances such as salts, sugars, organic acids, and small quantities of soluble proteins
Cell sap
216
They occupy 90% volume of the cells
Vacuole
217
Powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondria
218
composed of many small particles bound together chemically or by a cementing matrix.
Sand
219
consists of particles that are mostly too small to be seen without a lens or a microscope.
Silt
220
particles are so tiny that they cannot be
seen through a powerful light microscope
Clay
221
individual clay particles
Micelles
222
Best agricultural soil
Loam
223
Best agricultural soil
Loam
224
Best agricultural soil
Loam
225
High sand, Low clay
Light soils
226
High sand, Low clay
Light soils
227
High clay content
Heavy soil
228
High clay content
Heavy soil
229
Mixture of sand, clay and organic matter.
Loam
230
-Larger particles. porous, and don't refain much water
Coarse soils
231
Better loams: 40% silt. 40% sand, and 20% clay
Loams
232
High water content and allow little water to pass through.
Clay soils
233
physically bound to the soil particles and is unavailable to plants
Hygroscopic water -
234
drains out of the pore spaces after a rain
Gravitational water -
235
Were plant are mainly dependent. Water that held against the force of gravity, in pores of the soil
Capillary water
236
water remaining after such draining. Mainly governed by the texture of the soil.
Field capacity
237
if the water is not added to the soll, the rate of absorption of water is insufficient.
Permanent wilting point -
238
if the water is not added to the soll, the rate of absorption of water is insufficient.
Permanent wilting point -
239
if the water is not added to the soll, the rate of absorption of water is insufficient.
Permanent wilting point -
240
Soil water between field capacity and permanent wilting point
Avallable water -
241
Affects both the soil and the plants
Soil pH
242
Thrive in acidic conditions
Cranberries -
243
Unusually acidic or alkaline
Toxic to the roots of other plants and mycorrhizae do not survive in soils with pH extremes
Soil in pH
244
minerals such as copper, iron and manganese to become less available to plants
Alkalinity
245
If high enough, inhibits the growth of nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Acidity
246
common agricultural practice to counteract soil acidity by adding calcium or magnesium
Liming
247
Bacteria converts it to ___________. Same as what will occur when nitrogenous fertilizers are added
Sulfuric acid
248
makes alkaline soils acidic
Sulfur
249
Acis soil tend to be common in areas of high precipitation where significant amount of bases are leached from the topsoil.
Acidity
250
Factors that influenced the question.
Variables
251
A duplicate set-up, sample, or observation treated identically to the rest of the experiment except for the variable being tested.
Control
252
Group of generalizations that help us understand something
Theory
253
Can be changed or altered during an experiment.
Variables
254
bits of information
Data
255
Tentative, unproven explanation of something that has been observed. Testing will determine whether it is correct or incorrect.
Hypothesis
256
Experimentation observation = verifying or
discarding of information
Scientific procedure
257
Asking a question, formulating a hypothesis - conducting experiment - developing a theory.
Scientific method
258
Describes the procedure of developing and testing hypothesis.
Scientific method
259
Convert light energy to chemical energy
Chloroplast
260
Convert light energy to chemical energy
Chloroplast
261
Convert light energy to chemical energy
Chloroplast
262
Located at the interior of the chloroplast, a thin, flat, circular plates.
Thylakoid
263
jelly like fluid, which contains enzymes that catalyze the chemical reactions of photosynthesis that convert CO2 to carbohydrate.
Stroma
264
A group of membrane-bounded organelles occurring in photosynthesis eukaryotic cells, includes chloroplasts, leucoplasts, and chromoplasts.
Plastids
265
(pl: grana) Stacks of thylakoid.
Granum
266
Develop through changes that include the disappearance of chlorophyll.
Chromoplast
267
They can synthesize chlorophyll and act like a chloroplast when exposed to light.
Leucoplast
268
Differ from chloroplasts in shape
Chromoplast
269
A plastid that have a photosynthetic function and occur in certain leaf and stem cells.
Chloroplast
270
synthesize starches
Amyloplasts
271
synthesize oils
elaioplasts
272
A colorless plastids that form and store starch, oils, and proteins, also includes amyloplasts which synthesize starches and elaioplasts, which synthesize oils
Leucoplast
273
Transport mostly water and
A few nutrients
Xylem cells
274
Transport nutrients that were made during photosynthesis
Phloem cells
275
It is like a combination of a computer program and a dispatcher that sends coded messages or
"blueprints" originating from DNA in the nucleus with information to be used on other parts of the cells
Nucleus
276
a watery solution high in sugar
Transport sap
277
The living surface membrane of a cell that act as a selective barrier to the passage of materials into and out of the cell
Plasma membrane
278
- A threadlike material composed of protein and
DNA
Chromatin
279
involved in making and assembling the sub units of ribosomes.
Nucleoli
280
A granular appearing fluid, the interior of the nucleus that contains the DNA which is associated with certain protein molecules to form chromatin.
Nucleoplasm
281
By product when chromatin in cell division coils and thickens.
Chromosomes
282
link carbohydrates to both lipids and proteins on the outer surfaces of the membrane
Covalent bonds
283
A physical boundary that confines the contents of the cell to an internal compartment
Plasma membrane
284
Minute opening or passageway through the nuclear envelope.
Nuclear pores
285
Separates the nucleus from all other organelles. it contains the nuclear pores lined with protein molecules.
Nuclear envelope
286
Majority of cells in a plant Found in leaves and carry out photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Stores starches
Parenchyma cells
287
The first structure observed by Hooke. It is the most obvious since it defines the shape of the cell.
Cell wall
288
Found beneath the epidermis of leaves are specialized for their function of Photosynthesis.
Thin walled cells
289
Main structural component of the cell wall and is the most abundant polymer on earth
Cellulose
290
Organic material that gives stiffness to fruit jellies.
Pectin
291
Glue like substance that holds cellulose fibrils together.
Hemicellulose
292
Glue like substance that holds cellulose fibrils together.
Hemicellulose
293
Glue like substance that holds cellulose fibrils together.
Hemicellulose
294
Form a thin layer on the surfaces of all plant organs,
Often have unusual shape and sizes.
Epidermal cells
295
Help transport water without collapsing.
Thick walled cells
296
Help transport water without collapsing.
Thick walled cells
297
Help transport water without collapsing.
Thick walled cells
298
Consists of layer of pectin, is first produced when new cell walls are formed cannot be viewed with an ordinary light microscope unless specially stained.
Middle lamella
299
Consists of layer of pectin, is first produced when new cell walls are formed cannot be viewed with an ordinary light microscope unless specially stained.
Middle lamella
300
- Proteins that have sugars associated with their
Molecules.
Glycoproteins
301
which are tiny strands of cytoplasm that extend between the cells through minute openings.
Plasmodesma or plasmodesmata
302
which are tiny strands of cytoplasm that extend between the cells through minute openings.
Plasmodesma or plasmodesmata
303
which are tiny strands of cytoplasm that extend between the cells through minute openings.
Plasmodesma or plasmodesmata
304
Hard cells
Main supporting cells in the areas of the plant that ceased growing
Dead, very thick cell walls
Schlerenchyma
305
Provide support to growing parts of a plant
Elongated, thick cell walls
Grow and change shape as plant grows
Collenchyma cells
306
Developed by Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, a
German Zoologist.
Cell theory
307
Every cells comes from a preexisting cell ('omnis cellula e cellula') and that there is no spontaneous generation of cells.
Rudolf Virchow
308
The theory states that "All living organisms are composed of cells and that cells have a unifying structural basis of organization.
Cell theory
309
- Pointed out that since cells come from preexisting cells, all cells in existence today trace their origins back to ancient cells.
August Weismann (1880)
310
- in 1871, he prove that natural alcoholic fermentation always involves the activity of yeast cells.
Louis Pasteur
311
- A German scientist, accidentally discovered that yeast cells did not need to be alive for fermentation to occur. He found out that extracts from the yeast cells would convert sugar to alcohol. This led to the discovery of enzymes, the organic catalysts (substances that aid in chemical reactions without themselves being changed found in all living cells)
Eduard Buchner (1897)
312
- A German scientist, accidentally discovered that yeast cells did not need to be alive for fermentation to occur. He found out that extracts from the yeast cells would convert sugar to alcohol. This led to the discovery of enzymes, the organic catalysts (substances that aid in chemical reactions without themselves being changed found in all living cells)
Eduard Buchner (1897)
313
- A German scientist, accidentally discovered that yeast cells did not need to be alive for fermentation to occur. He found out that extracts from the yeast cells would convert sugar to alcohol. This led to the discovery of enzymes, the organic catalysts (substances that aid in chemical reactions without themselves being changed found in all living cells)
Eduard Buchner (1897)
314
A french scientist, proved Virchow's claim on spontaneous generation. He used a swannecked flask, boiled media remained sterile indefinitely if microorganisms from the air were excluded from the media.
Louis Pasteur (1862)
315
The cell is the basic unit of life, of which all living things are composed and that all cells are derived from preexisting cells.
Cell theory
316
10 - 30 mcm
Animal Cell:
317
10 - 100 mcm
Plant Cell:
318
10 - 100 mcm
Plant Cell:
319
10 - 100 mcm
Plant Cell:
320
Consists of all living components of a cell which have a cell wall surrounding it.
Protoplasm
321
- Membrane where living components are bounded.
PLASMA MEMBRANE
322
- Consists all of the cellular components between the plasma membrane and nucleus.
CYTOPLASM
323
- Soap like fluid cytoplasm in which organelles are dispersed.
CYTOSOL
324
- Persistent structures of various shapes and sizes with specialized functions in the cell.
ORGANELLES
325
Membrane-bound nucleus
Eukaryotic cells
326
DNA, double stranded and circular
Prokaryotic cells
327
Examples: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Algae and protozoans
Eukaryotic cells
328
No membrane-bound nucleus
Prokaryotic cells
329
DNA, multiple molecules of double stranded linear DNA
Eukaryotic cells
330
eu =
karyon =
well or good;
nucleus)
331
pro
karyon
before
nucleus
332
Founded by Austrian Monk, Gregor Mendel (1822-
1884) who performed classic experiments with pea plants
GENETICS
Science of heredity
333
Study of the form and structure of the plants
Form and life cycles of plant sciences
Plant morphology
334
Discvered various tissues in stems and roots
Marcello malphigi 1628-1694
335
Described the structure of wood more precisely than any of his predecessors.
Nehemiah Grew of England (1628-1711)
336
Described the structure of wood more precisely than any of his predecessors.
Nehemiah Grew of England (1628-1711)
337
Described the structure of wood more precisely than any of his predecessors.
Nehemiah Grew of England (1628-1711)
338
- deals with determining past climates by examining with and other features of tree rings.
Dendrochronology
339
He is the first to demonstrate that plants do not have the same nutritional needs as animals
J. B. van Helmont (1577-1644)
340
- deals with determining past climates by examining with and other features of tree rings.
Dendrochronology
341
Swedish Botanist Formed the system of naming and classifying of plants
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778);
342
Species Plantarum, published in
1753
Carolus Linnaeus
343
An English Physicist discovered the cell by examining a thin slices of cork found in stoppered wine bottles
ROBERT HOOKE (1665)
344
reported for 50 years on the organization of cells in a variety of plant tissues 1670's, they also reported on the form and structure of single-celled organisms called as "animalcules"
Nehemiah Grew in England along with Anton van Leeuwenhoek
345
a German Botanist observed a smaller body in the nucleus that he called
"nucleolus"
Matthias Schleiden
346
French biologist, "no
Body can have life if its constituent parts are not cellular tissue"
Jean Baptiste de
Lamarck
347
Discovered that all relatively large body that he called the nucleus
Robert Brown
348
Discovered that all relatively large body that he called the nucleus
Robert Brown
349
Reinforce Lamarck's conclusion that all animal and plant tissues are composed of cells of various kinds
Rene J. H Dutrochet
