Botany Final Flashcards
(172 cards)
1
Q
How do we make spirits
A
1distillation - boiling beer or wine to concentrate alcohol until we leave behind water
2
Q
what is proof
A
2x the alc %
3
Q
spirits colected
A
spirits collected at neck of kettle then cooled and recondensed into higher percentage alcohol
4
Q
determine spirit flavour
A
method and time of storage
5
Q
fermentation ingerdients
A
yeast sugar and other
6
Q
process of fermentation
A
glucose to ethanol + CO2
7
Q
Wine Species name
A
Vitis Vinifera
8
Q
Root Aphid and how ot combat it
A
root aphid are insects that infest roots of grape plants
can take the shoot from an infested plant and graph it to the root of a good plant, doesnt have to mature
9
Q
Red vs White Wine
A
red grapes make red wine and white wine
White grapes make white wine
based onthe colour of the grape skin
10
Q
making wine we need to
A
ferment, then press the grapes
11
Q
why is wine <14% alc
A
because at 14% the yeast dies off
but we can mix it with different spirits to make it stronger
12
Q
Beer ingredients
A
starch usually barley
hops for flavour
beechwood (optional)
13
Q
Beer process
A
germinate to make the enzymes then
ferment, which needs the grains
get boiled to make wort(add hops at this point)
produce alc
14
Q
Transcription
A
DNA to RNA using mRNA in the nucleus and read 5’-3’
15
Q
Translation
A
taking the RNA and reading it to create protiens at the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, read 5-3’
16
Q
Start and Stop Codons
A
aug start
uua stop
17
Q
why do we monoculture
A
high yield and profit
18
Q
problems with monoculture
A
lose genetic diverstiy
unstablle
unnatural
19
Q
why do we use perennial crops
A
most sustainable
less plowing
les soil erosion
less pest manangement
less disease control
20
Q
What are seed Banks?
A
frozen seeds to use in the future to hopefully bring a species back to nativity (back ups)
on vegetative material
21
Q
Heirloom Species
A
take much more effort to grow
closer in relation to native species
more diverse
22
Q
Germplasm means what
A
genetic makeup of plant
23
Q
Germplasm Treaty says
A
- encourage use of seed banks
- catalouging of genetic resources and assessing threats
- protect third world countries by setting conditon sfor accesssing germplasm
-share the weath if theri is a succesfiul plant with those who created it
24
Q
Who did the corss pollination
A
pea plant study doen by gregor mendel
25
mendel found what
found that all F1 offspring had one trait
and that all F2 offspring had a 3:1 mix of characheteristics
26
Mendels Concepts
principle of segregation
principle of independant assortment
27
Principle of Segregation
pairs of hereditary factors seperate indivdually (1 allele for each gene)
28
Principle of Independant Assortment
Pairs of each hereditatry gene sepertate independantly of other pairs (GG and gg go seperate ways)
29
Co-Dominance
when both alleles are expressed in the plant
30
Incomplete Dominance
when the dominant allele does not fully mask the recessive allele xpression
31
Polygenic Inheritance
when more than one gene controls for the allele
32
Epistasis
when one gene has an affect on another gene
33
Linked genes
closer the genes are chromosome the more likley they are to recomnie together in a crossover
2 genes with 3:1 rathher than 1 with 9:3:3:1
34
With CrossOver
2 recombinatn chromies
4 sex cells
35
without crosssover
0 recombinant chromies
2sex cells
36
Dihybrid Cross proved
independatn assortment
37
Psycho Active plants are
secondary metabolites that affect the CNS
38
what are the secondary metabolites of psychoactive plants
alkaloids - nicotine, cocaine, morphine
phenolic - thc
39
Effects of Psycho ctive plants on CNS
stimulants - cocaine, caffeine, nicotine
depressants - morphine/opium/heroin
hallucinogens - thc
40
narcotic two definitions
strict def - any substance that induces CNS depression
contemporary def - any psychosactive substance that is addictive
41
addictive means
promotes physiological and physcological dependance + tolerance
42
addictive substances effect what in the brain
the reward circuit
43
Coca Plant
makes cocaine
on the leavess of the shrub
historically chewed as an anesthetic
44
Coca turned into
Cocaiune hydorchloride then crack or powder
45
Cocaine and Reward circuit
Naturally the dopamine is from VTA to its receptor at the NA to get the response
With cocoiane, cocaine blocks the removale of dopamine at the NA for a continuos response
46
Opium what
latex from a showy poppy plant
47
opium latex used
dried and used to make morphine and heroin to deaden pain
48
opium with china and soldiers
soldiers used this in the war
chinese tried to trade it and found that 25% of the population was addicted to morphine
49
Heroin
6 x stornger than morphine
used to be sold over the counter and given to kids
huge withdrawal
50
Cannabis is a what kind of plant
diecious (male and female plant)
palmatley compound (3-7) leaflets
51
THC comes from
tetra hydra cannibinol
comes from harvesting the leaves og the Cannabis plant
52
THC is a what kind of secondary metabolite
Phenol
53
what cananibis grows higher concentrated THC
female
54
THC effects
euphoria and calmness
reduce ocular pressure
reduces MS pain
kills cancer cells
55
NIcotine is a what secondary metabolite
alkaloid
56
Where is nicotine made
nicotine made in the roots and travels to the leaves
57
Nicotine plant
large leaves and pretty flowers
58
nicotine typically ingested how
chewed or smoked
59
Tobacco plant grown
as a tetraploid in south america but easily susceptible to disease and pathogens
60
curing the nicotine/tobacco plant
Cure it,
ferment it, dry it and these will make it change colour
then age it to birng out aroma and flavour
61
msot addictive drug and how
nicotine increases the amount of receptors for it as you increasingly get more addicted
62
risk of tobacco
- increase chance of cancer
brochtis
emphasyema
cardiovascular disease
second hannd smolke
63
tea is
an infusion
64
90% of teas are
black (true teas)
65
infusiion definition
the liquid produced by steeping a plants organs in boiling water
66
Younger or older leaves for tea
tea we pick the younger leaves so the older leaves can continue to grow the plant
67
Tea Species Name
camellia sinesis
68
what type of plant is tea
dicot
net veined
a shrub
7-8 petals
69
how many seeds in tea
4 seeds
70
where can tea grow
not in the frost
71
4 types of teas
black
white
oolong
green tea
72
black tea
msot processed lots of fermentation
73
green tea
no fermentation lightest in colour
74
white tea
no fermentation
called white tea from the white tricones on the leaf
75
oolong tea
semifermentation
76
4 steps for making tea
wither - dry the leaves from below
roll - twist and roll to release oils
oxidize - let sit in cool humid enviroment to absorb oxygen
dry - stops the oxidization bringing them form copper colour to black
77
no oxidizing in what teas
green and white
but green does have some withering
white tease only steam then dry
78
things that make teas differ
where its grown - altitude has an effect
if they are mixed - irish blend
how theyre prepared - over pine
added spices or bergament oil (early grey)
79
tea % caffeine by dry weihgt
4%
80
Chocolate species name
Theobroma Cacao
81
herbal teas have no
caffeine
82
how many varietsys of cacoa tree
3 varieties
83
chocolate pods/plant
dicots
takes lots of energy to produce these
football shaped
20-49 seeds/pods
sticky white pulp on the pods/seeds
84
colour of chocolate
start green then mature/ ripen yellow
85
chocoloate is pollinated by
midges but low pollination rate because there are not a lot of midges
pollinators needd to be big to open the fruit wall and to disperse
86
chocolate contains
theobromine and stimulatn adn caffeine
87
prepare chocolate by
let the beans ferment
then you can remove the white pulp to get the bean once it dries
88
chocolate liquer
removed fat in chocolate
89
chocolate nibs
driedand fermneted cocao beans crushed to make liquer
90
white choclate is white because
we took out the cocoa butter
91
coaoca powder
dried chocolate liquer
92
what is coffee as a secondary metabolite
an alkaloid
93
secondary metabolites are
4 groups
things we dont need to grow and repdouce
uisuallt toxins, nectars(attractors or deterants a)
94
Pros of Caffeine
protects against parkinsons and Tyoe 2 diabetes
alleviate fatigue
imporve athletic erfomance
enhances pain relief effects of aspirun and acetometophine
appetite suppressant
95
Cons of Caffeine
increases nervousness, irritability and HR
causes insomnia
addictive
decrease fetal groht in pregnancy and increase birth defects
96
Coffee is a
seed
angiosperm
dicot
flowers in inflourescence
97
coffee species name
coffee arabica (best coffee)
98
furit of coffee
a red cherry '2 seeds per cherry
very pulpy
intesive labour to pick them
99
hostoyr of coffee
started in ethipoia then to yemen then to Ceylon then to Jaba then Europe then NA athen SA
100
coffee
not frost tolerant but can be grown in the colder months indoors
101
Ceylon
ceyon got hit witha fungi that infested their cofee business and made them go into tea
102
where is most cofee produced
BRAZIL
103
cofee takes a long time to
mature, can get beas for 35 years
104
Hulling
taking off the parchement of the seed (seed Coat
105
methods of processsing coffee
dry vs wet
106
dry methoid of coffee
let cherries dry then depulp
107
wet method of coffee
cost more and more mechanized
depulp then add water in machine to mix, then dry then hull to get hte last of the parchement off
108
no parchemtn on cofeee bean is called
a green bean
109
decaffinate cofee by
make the cofee the decaffinate
110
browness of beans
carmelization of the sugars on the bean
111
first stage of cofee process
drying
112
ways to make cofee
steep, vacuum, overdrip , pressur vaccum
113
fair trade logo means
no children were used and the people who made it got fair wages
ethically grown
114
why are fair traade coffess more expensive
because the producedrs got padi a fair wage
115
egyptian writings
had formulas and materilas written on walls
116
siliphium
ancient egyptian plant used as a contraception butit was overharvested and this casued its extinction in 300-400 ad
117
Hippocrates
greeek father of medicine
diseases had natural causes and that plants could treat it
118
ancient rome
documetned 600 medicianl plants
119
1500's
wehn the prinitng press was invented so they made a plant book with identifiying characteristics and information
120
1700's
herbal medicines vs regular physicians
regular physicians gave out he meds
herbal mediicine still practed in china
121
1800s
purified extracts (opium to morphine )
and found active extracts to make synthetic drugs (aspirin froms salysyclic in white willow)
122
% of drugs with plant origin
25%
123
active ingerdients that can be medicinal or toxic
secondary metabolites
glycosides - sugars cardioactive glycosides
alkaloids - nitrogen (NS stimulant - quinine)
terpenes - hydrocarbon - taxol - cancer
124
herbal remedies
black cohosh and ginseng
black cohosh - combats menopause
ginseng - stimulatn immune system (liited gorwht in ontario)
both have their roots harvested
glycasides can be infused in the tea
125
Fox Glove Plant - Medicianal
showy flowers
indeterminant flowering in their second year
gorw in canada
CArdioactive Glycasides in the leaves
-slow heart rate and increase cjontraction force
126
Black Willow
suck on the bark
fever reducing ,antiimflammatory, pain med
salicin is the active ingredient used to make sytheitic aspirin (for blood clots)
127
Cinchona and Artemisinin
contracted through parasites from mosquitos
bark of cinchona provides quinine which kills parasites and reduces fever - quinine is a alkaloid
artemisinin is a terpene - same antimalarial properties as chincona
128
aloe vera
grow in hot climates
sap conitains aloin (glycoside)
soothing burns and heals cuts
129
periwinkle and Pacific yew tree
Periwinkle - has 2 alkaloids that interfere with spindle fibre formation
Yew tree - produces taxol a terpene that also screws with spindle fibre formation
both used in chemotherapy because no mitosis in prophase 1
130
food guide is more
more indiviualized
131
new labels include
larger calories
amounts in mg
serving size stands out
updated minerals
daily % for things like sugar
132
carbohydrates
glucose 6 carbon molecule
fructose and maltose - disaccharide
poly saccharides include glycgoen starch and cellulose
133
Glycemic index
the effect a food has on blood glucose levels
134
proteins
1234 structre
primary structure is the 20 AA
secindary structure is the bonds between amine and carboxyl groups
tertiary structure is r group hydrophilic or hydrophobic
quaternary structre is hemoglobin
135
essential AA
need to get from the diet
136
phoshpholipids
1 glycerol adn 2 fastty acids
137
triglycerides
one glycerol adn three fatty acid chains
138
saturated fat
no double bonds
139
unsaturated fat
diuble bonds
mono or poly
140
cholesterol and phyto sterols
made in liver and photos are sterols in plants
141
minerals
major - more than 100 mg a day
trace - few mg/day
major ca mg k
trace -iron, zince copper
142
vitamins -
abcdek
adek - fat soluble
watersoluble need ore of cause we piss it out
143
lipid function
insulation
energy storage
hormone rgulation
structure
144
HDL and LDL
HDL takes cholesterol awayy from blood to use in the liver
LDL - builds up chilestreool in the blood (atherosclerosis)
145
trans fat
through hydrogeneatioon (turning unsaturated into trans
uses TRIS fat to flat out kinks with a double bond)
146
surface fibres
leaves, roots and seed ccoveringds
ginning- tearing fibres loose
147
bast fibres
soft fibres
phloem fibres and inside inner dark bark
retting microbial processs to break down tissue and leave the fibre
148
leaf fibres
hard fibres
in vascular bundles and veins of monocots
decrtication
- scraping away the unwanted tissue
149
cotton capsule
boll
150
why is cotton strong
because of the naturally twisted fibres
151
most economically important non food plant
cotton
152
cotton climate
warm and rainy
153
white part of cotton
cellulose
154
processing cotton
ginning to create line
send to manufacturer of yarn
cleaned combed laid parallel and teiwstied together to make yarn
yarn to cloth
155
herbs
tmeperate climates - aromatic leaves
156
spices
tropical climate - aromatic fruits and flowers
157
spices commodity
spices gave power
158
spice history
egyptians then to alexandrians than portugal monopolized thendecentralized
159
ginger
rhizome
160
nutmeg
gives us to 2 spices
aerol (red part)
161
saphron
most expensive spice
162
three new world spices
- capsicum - caspsacinoids
- all spice flavour mix
-vanilla
163
herb families
mint - basil, sage, lavender
parsely - dill and anisse
mustard - horseradish and mustsard
allium - onions and shit
164
earth surface
30% forest and decreasing
165
bark
secondary phloem
166
age rings
secondary xylem - tight rings means less groth that year
167
dark part of wood
heart wood - contains resin in cells , no water transport systemresin makes it hard
168
light part of wood
sapwood - conatinas no resin , and has its water trasnport system still
169
hardwood vs softwood
hardwood - deciduos - oak maple
softwood - confifer - pine tree
170
most common cut of wood
tangential cut
171
uses of wood
cork
lumber
housing
fuel
plywood
veneer
172
burl
infected by insect or mold
grains grow deformed
gives us live edge trees
