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Economic Botany > Botany Final > Flashcards

Botany Final Flashcards

1
Q

How do we make spirits

A

1distillation - boiling beer or wine to concentrate alcohol until we leave behind water

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2
Q

what is proof

A

2x the alc %

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3
Q

spirits colected

A

spirits collected at neck of kettle then cooled and recondensed into higher percentage alcohol

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4
Q

determine spirit flavour

A

method and time of storage

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5
Q

fermentation ingerdients

A

yeast sugar and other

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6
Q

process of fermentation

A

glucose to ethanol + CO2

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7
Q

Wine Species name

A

Vitis Vinifera

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8
Q

Root Aphid and how ot combat it

A

root aphid are insects that infest roots of grape plants

can take the shoot from an infested plant and graph it to the root of a good plant, doesnt have to mature

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9
Q

Red vs White Wine

A

red grapes make red wine and white wine

White grapes make white wine

based onthe colour of the grape skin

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10
Q

making wine we need to

A

ferment, then press the grapes

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11
Q

why is wine <14% alc

A

because at 14% the yeast dies off

but we can mix it with different spirits to make it stronger

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12
Q

Beer ingredients

A

starch usually barley
hops for flavour
beechwood (optional)

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13
Q

Beer process

A

germinate to make the enzymes then
ferment, which needs the grains
get boiled to make wort(add hops at this point)
produce alc

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14
Q

Transcription

A

DNA to RNA using mRNA in the nucleus and read 5’-3’

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15
Q

Translation

A

taking the RNA and reading it to create protiens at the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, read 5-3’

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16
Q

Start and Stop Codons

A

aug start
uua stop

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17
Q

why do we monoculture

A

high yield and profit

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18
Q

problems with monoculture

A

lose genetic diverstiy
unstablle
unnatural

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19
Q

why do we use perennial crops

A

most sustainable

less plowing
les soil erosion
less pest manangement
less disease control

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20
Q

What are seed Banks?

A

frozen seeds to use in the future to hopefully bring a species back to nativity (back ups)

on vegetative material

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21
Q

Heirloom Species

A

take much more effort to grow

closer in relation to native species

more diverse

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22
Q

Germplasm means what

A

genetic makeup of plant

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23
Q

Germplasm Treaty says

A
  • encourage use of seed banks
  • catalouging of genetic resources and assessing threats
  • protect third world countries by setting conditon sfor accesssing germplasm

-share the weath if theri is a succesfiul plant with those who created it

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24
Q

Who did the corss pollination

A

pea plant study doen by gregor mendel

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25
Q

mendel found what

A

found that all F1 offspring had one trait
and that all F2 offspring had a 3:1 mix of characheteristics

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26
Q

Mendels Concepts

A

principle of segregation
principle of independant assortment

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27
Q

Principle of Segregation

A

pairs of hereditary factors seperate indivdually (1 allele for each gene)

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28
Q

Principle of Independant Assortment

A

Pairs of each hereditatry gene sepertate independantly of other pairs (GG and gg go seperate ways)

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29
Q

Co-Dominance

A

when both alleles are expressed in the plant

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30
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

when the dominant allele does not fully mask the recessive allele xpression

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31
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

when more than one gene controls for the allele

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32
Q

Epistasis

A

when one gene has an affect on another gene

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33
Q

Linked genes

A

closer the genes are chromosome the more likley they are to recomnie together in a crossover

2 genes with 3:1 rathher than 1 with 9:3:3:1

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34
Q

With CrossOver

A

2 recombinatn chromies
4 sex cells

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35
Q

without crosssover

A

0 recombinant chromies
2sex cells

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36
Q

Dihybrid Cross proved

A

independatn assortment

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37
Q

Psycho Active plants are

A

secondary metabolites that affect the CNS

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38
Q

what are the secondary metabolites of psychoactive plants

A

alkaloids - nicotine, cocaine, morphine

phenolic - thc

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39
Q

Effects of Psycho ctive plants on CNS

A

stimulants - cocaine, caffeine, nicotine
depressants - morphine/opium/heroin
hallucinogens - thc

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40
Q

narcotic two definitions

A

strict def - any substance that induces CNS depression

contemporary def - any psychosactive substance that is addictive

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41
Q

addictive means

A

promotes physiological and physcological dependance + tolerance

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42
Q

addictive substances effect what in the brain

A

the reward circuit

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43
Q

Coca Plant

A

makes cocaine
on the leavess of the shrub
historically chewed as an anesthetic

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44
Q

Coca turned into

A

Cocaiune hydorchloride then crack or powder

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45
Q

Cocaine and Reward circuit

A

Naturally the dopamine is from VTA to its receptor at the NA to get the response

With cocoiane, cocaine blocks the removale of dopamine at the NA for a continuos response

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46
Q

Opium what

A

latex from a showy poppy plant

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47
Q

opium latex used

A

dried and used to make morphine and heroin to deaden pain

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48
Q

opium with china and soldiers

A

soldiers used this in the war

chinese tried to trade it and found that 25% of the population was addicted to morphine

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49
Q

Heroin

A

6 x stornger than morphine

used to be sold over the counter and given to kids

huge withdrawal

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50
Q

Cannabis is a what kind of plant

A

diecious (male and female plant)
palmatley compound (3-7) leaflets

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51
Q

THC comes from

A

tetra hydra cannibinol

comes from harvesting the leaves og the Cannabis plant

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52
Q

THC is a what kind of secondary metabolite

A

Phenol

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53
Q

what cananibis grows higher concentrated THC

A

female

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54
Q

THC effects

A

euphoria and calmness
reduce ocular pressure
reduces MS pain
kills cancer cells

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55
Q

NIcotine is a what secondary metabolite

A

alkaloid

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56
Q

Where is nicotine made

A

nicotine made in the roots and travels to the leaves

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57
Q

Nicotine plant

A

large leaves and pretty flowers

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58
Q

nicotine typically ingested how

A

chewed or smoked

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59
Q

Tobacco plant grown

A

as a tetraploid in south america but easily susceptible to disease and pathogens

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60
Q

curing the nicotine/tobacco plant

A

Cure it,
ferment it, dry it and these will make it change colour

then age it to birng out aroma and flavour

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61
Q

msot addictive drug and how

A

nicotine increases the amount of receptors for it as you increasingly get more addicted

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62
Q

risk of tobacco

A
  • increase chance of cancer
    brochtis
    emphasyema
    cardiovascular disease
    second hannd smolke
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63
Q

tea is

A

an infusion

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64
Q

90% of teas are

A

black (true teas)

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65
Q

infusiion definition

A

the liquid produced by steeping a plants organs in boiling water

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66
Q

Younger or older leaves for tea

A

tea we pick the younger leaves so the older leaves can continue to grow the plant

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67
Q

Tea Species Name

A

camellia sinesis

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68
Q

what type of plant is tea

A

dicot
net veined
a shrub
7-8 petals

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69
Q

how many seeds in tea

A

4 seeds

70
Q

where can tea grow

A

not in the frost

71
Q

4 types of teas

A

black
white
oolong
green tea

72
Q

black tea

A

msot processed lots of fermentation

73
Q

green tea

A

no fermentation lightest in colour

74
Q

white tea

A

no fermentation
called white tea from the white tricones on the leaf

75
Q

oolong tea

A

semifermentation

76
Q

4 steps for making tea

A

wither - dry the leaves from below
roll - twist and roll to release oils
oxidize - let sit in cool humid enviroment to absorb oxygen
dry - stops the oxidization bringing them form copper colour to black

77
Q

no oxidizing in what teas

A

green and white

but green does have some withering

white tease only steam then dry

78
Q

things that make teas differ

A

where its grown - altitude has an effect
if they are mixed - irish blend
how theyre prepared - over pine
added spices or bergament oil (early grey)

79
Q

tea % caffeine by dry weihgt

A

4%

80
Q

Chocolate species name

A

Theobroma Cacao

81
Q

herbal teas have no

A

caffeine

82
Q

how many varietsys of cacoa tree

A

3 varieties

83
Q

chocolate pods/plant

A

dicots
takes lots of energy to produce these
football shaped
20-49 seeds/pods
sticky white pulp on the pods/seeds

84
Q

colour of chocolate

A

start green then mature/ ripen yellow

85
Q

chocoloate is pollinated by

A

midges but low pollination rate because there are not a lot of midges
pollinators needd to be big to open the fruit wall and to disperse

86
Q

chocolate contains

A

theobromine and stimulatn adn caffeine

87
Q

prepare chocolate by

A

let the beans ferment
then you can remove the white pulp to get the bean once it dries

88
Q

chocolate liquer

A

removed fat in chocolate

89
Q

chocolate nibs

A

driedand fermneted cocao beans crushed to make liquer

90
Q

white choclate is white because

A

we took out the cocoa butter

91
Q

coaoca powder

A

dried chocolate liquer

92
Q

what is coffee as a secondary metabolite

A

an alkaloid

93
Q

secondary metabolites are

A

4 groups

things we dont need to grow and repdouce

uisuallt toxins, nectars(attractors or deterants a)

94
Q

Pros of Caffeine

A

protects against parkinsons and Tyoe 2 diabetes
alleviate fatigue
imporve athletic erfomance
enhances pain relief effects of aspirun and acetometophine
appetite suppressant

95
Q

Cons of Caffeine

A

increases nervousness, irritability and HR
causes insomnia
addictive
decrease fetal groht in pregnancy and increase birth defects

96
Q

Coffee is a

A

seed
angiosperm
dicot
flowers in inflourescence

97
Q

coffee species name

A

coffee arabica (best coffee)

98
Q

furit of coffee

A

a red cherry ‘2 seeds per cherry

very pulpy

intesive labour to pick them

99
Q

hostoyr of coffee

A

started in ethipoia then to yemen then to Ceylon then to Jaba then Europe then NA athen SA

100
Q

coffee

A

not frost tolerant but can be grown in the colder months indoors

101
Q

Ceylon

A

ceyon got hit witha fungi that infested their cofee business and made them go into tea

102
Q

where is most cofee produced

A

BRAZIL

103
Q

cofee takes a long time to

A

mature, can get beas for 35 years

104
Q

Hulling

A

taking off the parchement of the seed (seed Coat

105
Q

methods of processsing coffee

A

dry vs wet

106
Q

dry methoid of coffee

A

let cherries dry then depulp

107
Q

wet method of coffee

A

cost more and more mechanized
depulp then add water in machine to mix, then dry then hull to get hte last of the parchement off

108
Q

no parchemtn on cofeee bean is called

A

a green bean

109
Q

decaffinate cofee by

A

make the cofee the decaffinate

110
Q

browness of beans

A

carmelization of the sugars on the bean

111
Q

first stage of cofee process

A

drying

112
Q

ways to make cofee

A

steep, vacuum, overdrip , pressur vaccum

113
Q

fair trade logo means

A

no children were used and the people who made it got fair wages
ethically grown

114
Q

why are fair traade coffess more expensive

A

because the producedrs got padi a fair wage

115
Q

egyptian writings

A

had formulas and materilas written on walls

116
Q

siliphium

A

ancient egyptian plant used as a contraception butit was overharvested and this casued its extinction in 300-400 ad

117
Q

Hippocrates

A

greeek father of medicine

diseases had natural causes and that plants could treat it

118
Q

ancient rome

A

documetned 600 medicianl plants

119
Q

1500’s

A

wehn the prinitng press was invented so they made a plant book with identifiying characteristics and information

120
Q

1700’s

A

herbal medicines vs regular physicians

regular physicians gave out he meds

herbal mediicine still practed in china

121
Q

1800s

A

purified extracts (opium to morphine )
and found active extracts to make synthetic drugs (aspirin froms salysyclic in white willow)

122
Q

% of drugs with plant origin

A

25%

123
Q

active ingerdients that can be medicinal or toxic

A

secondary metabolites
glycosides - sugars cardioactive glycosides
alkaloids - nitrogen (NS stimulant - quinine)
terpenes - hydrocarbon - taxol - cancer

124
Q

herbal remedies

A

black cohosh and ginseng

black cohosh - combats menopause
ginseng - stimulatn immune system (liited gorwht in ontario)

both have their roots harvested

glycasides can be infused in the tea

125
Q

Fox Glove Plant - Medicianal

A

showy flowers
indeterminant flowering in their second year
gorw in canada

CArdioactive Glycasides in the leaves
-slow heart rate and increase cjontraction force

126
Q

Black Willow

A

suck on the bark
fever reducing ,antiimflammatory, pain med

salicin is the active ingredient used to make sytheitic aspirin (for blood clots)

127
Q

Cinchona and Artemisinin

A

contracted through parasites from mosquitos

bark of cinchona provides quinine which kills parasites and reduces fever - quinine is a alkaloid

artemisinin is a terpene - same antimalarial properties as chincona

128
Q

aloe vera

A

grow in hot climates
sap conitains aloin (glycoside)
soothing burns and heals cuts

129
Q

periwinkle and Pacific yew tree

A

Periwinkle - has 2 alkaloids that interfere with spindle fibre formation

Yew tree - produces taxol a terpene that also screws with spindle fibre formation

both used in chemotherapy because no mitosis in prophase 1

130
Q

food guide is more

A

more indiviualized

131
Q

new labels include

A

larger calories
amounts in mg
serving size stands out
updated minerals
daily % for things like sugar

132
Q

carbohydrates

A

glucose 6 carbon molecule

fructose and maltose - disaccharide

poly saccharides include glycgoen starch and cellulose

133
Q

Glycemic index

A

the effect a food has on blood glucose levels

134
Q

proteins

A

1234 structre

primary structure is the 20 AA
secindary structure is the bonds between amine and carboxyl groups
tertiary structure is r group hydrophilic or hydrophobic
quaternary structre is hemoglobin

135
Q

essential AA

A

need to get from the diet

136
Q

phoshpholipids

A

1 glycerol adn 2 fastty acids

137
Q

triglycerides

A

one glycerol adn three fatty acid chains

138
Q

saturated fat

A

no double bonds

139
Q

unsaturated fat

A

diuble bonds

mono or poly

140
Q

cholesterol and phyto sterols

A

made in liver and photos are sterols in plants

141
Q

minerals

A

major - more than 100 mg a day

trace - few mg/day

major ca mg k
trace -iron, zince copper

142
Q

vitamins -

A

abcdek

adek - fat soluble
watersoluble need ore of cause we piss it out

143
Q

lipid function

A

insulation
energy storage
hormone rgulation
structure

144
Q

HDL and LDL

A

HDL takes cholesterol awayy from blood to use in the liver

LDL - builds up chilestreool in the blood (atherosclerosis)

145
Q

trans fat

A

through hydrogeneatioon (turning unsaturated into trans

uses TRIS fat to flat out kinks with a double bond)

146
Q

surface fibres

A

leaves, roots and seed ccoveringds

ginning- tearing fibres loose

147
Q

bast fibres

A

soft fibres
phloem fibres and inside inner dark bark

retting microbial processs to break down tissue and leave the fibre

148
Q

leaf fibres

A

hard fibres
in vascular bundles and veins of monocots

decrtication
- scraping away the unwanted tissue

149
Q

cotton capsule

A

boll

150
Q

why is cotton strong

A

because of the naturally twisted fibres

151
Q

most economically important non food plant

A

cotton

152
Q

cotton climate

A

warm and rainy

153
Q

white part of cotton

A

cellulose

154
Q

processing cotton

A

ginning to create line
send to manufacturer of yarn
cleaned combed laid parallel and teiwstied together to make yarn
yarn to cloth

155
Q

herbs

A

tmeperate climates - aromatic leaves

156
Q

spices

A

tropical climate - aromatic fruits and flowers

157
Q

spices commodity

A

spices gave power

158
Q

spice history

A

egyptians then to alexandrians than portugal monopolized thendecentralized

159
Q

ginger

A

rhizome

160
Q

nutmeg

A

gives us to 2 spices
aerol (red part)

161
Q

saphron

A

most expensive spice

162
Q

three new world spices

A
  • capsicum - caspsacinoids
  • all spice flavour mix
    -vanilla
163
Q

herb families

A

mint - basil, sage, lavender
parsely - dill and anisse
mustard - horseradish and mustsard
allium - onions and shit

164
Q

earth surface

A

30% forest and decreasing

165
Q

bark

A

secondary phloem

166
Q

age rings

A

secondary xylem - tight rings means less groth that year

167
Q

dark part of wood

A

heart wood - contains resin in cells , no water transport systemresin makes it hard

168
Q

light part of wood

A

sapwood - conatinas no resin , and has its water trasnport system still

169
Q

hardwood vs softwood

A

hardwood - deciduos - oak maple
softwood - confifer - pine tree

170
Q

most common cut of wood

A

tangential cut

171
Q

uses of wood

A

cork
lumber
housing
fuel
plywood
veneer

172
Q

burl

A

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gives us live edge trees

Economic Botany (2 decks)

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