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Economic Botany > MidTerm 2 > Flashcards

MidTerm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Making Sugar by way of sunlight water and carbon dioxide.

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2
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Using the sugar to make ATP.

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3
Q

Mitochondria

A

inner membrane
intermembrane space
matrix

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4
Q

Where does each process of Respiration occur?

A

Glycolysis - cytoplasm
Krebs - matrix
ETC - innermebrane space

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5
Q

How many ATP in each phase of respiration? and total?

A

Glycosisis
2
4
Krebs
6
ETC
2
18
4

=36

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6
Q

Cellular respiration equation

A

C6H12O6 –> 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP

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7
Q

Roughly Explain Glycolysis

A

Taking Glucose (6C) into two (3C) Pyruvate

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8
Q

Roughly Explain Krebs

A

Krebs taking, acetyl CoA turinging it with citrate into a 6 carbon whilst making NADH and FADH2

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9
Q

Roughly Explain ETC

A

FADH2 and NADH created from krebs and Glycolysis brings electrons, and H+ into the ETC and the Eletrons get passed down the ETC losing energy and eventually pair with Oxygen to make water. and 1/2 Oxygen.

5 Transfering Sections

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10
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

when the H+ ions are brought inot the inner membrane space by way of FADH2 and NADH during their transition to the ETC. They passively move back into the matrix and break down the concentraiton gradientvia ATP Synthase.This spits out ATP and balances ion concentraiton

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11
Q

Which gives more energy NADH or FADH

A

NADH

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12
Q

Agriculture Def

+ Transition

A

the study or science of farming. including cultivatiing the soil for growing crops and rearing the animals for wool, food etc.

Trasntition was 10,000 years ago

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13
Q

Problems With Hunter gathering

A
  • Nomadic
  • have to follow the migration pattern
  • more people in a group means less people get fed
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14
Q

Origin of Agriculture and what they used to look at

A

6 origins
used to look at middens (dumps to see whaat people ate and wasted)

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15
Q

why is it important ot know the orgin of a plant?

A

if our plants have changed immenesly from their original species , they may be less resistant or be in a dorught. KNoiwng the origin allows us to go back tot he orginal plant and grab genes in hopes to add them to the currne tplant to bring back some of their traits.

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16
Q

Agricultural Revoultion vs Cultural Evolution

Which is true?

A

Agricultural Evolution - that their wa a quick change in lifestyle becasue they thought figured out if you plant seeds you grow plants

Cultural Evolution - slow gradual additon of farming into the food collecting process of hunter gahtering , beguning to rely on plant cultivation overtime

Cultural Evolution- shows that their was a transition phase (hunter gatherer to farming)

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17
Q

Barley

A

Went from 2 row to 6 row

decreased the dormancy period of barley

domesticate and bred for dominant allele for non shattering heads.

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18
Q

How many grasses in Top 25 crops

A

4

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19
Q

1 Grass

A

Sugar cane

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20
Q

Sugar Cane

A
  • high in cellulose
  • can be used to make cellulosic ethanol which can be used for biofuel
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21
Q

Can you grow sigar cane in Cnaada?

A

No only tropical climate

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22
Q

Wheat: whole, white , enriched

A

whole wheat - the endosperm and the embryo - more nutirients
white - jsut the endosperm
enriched white - adding soem nutrients back into it (ex Iron)

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23
Q

Grass Species Name

A

Poaceae

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24
Q

Grass Classification

A

Mono cot
parallel viened
3 leaves
Fibrous Root

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25
Q

Types of grass

A

barley
wheat
corn
rice
oat

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26
Q

Inflorescences

A

Spike
Raceme
Pannicle
Umbel
Compound Umbel
Head
Catkin

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27
Q

rhizome and stolon

A

horizontal stems - stolon above ground
rhizome below ground

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28
Q

Grass Basic Anatomy

A

Rhizome and stolon
Blade
Shealth
Culm - like the stalk
Pannicle
Floret off the pannicle
Floret into lemma then Palea
Glumes- where the florets sporut

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29
Q

Aluurone Layer of grain

A

outside layer of enzymes that feed the endosperm

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30
Q

Bran

A

fused fruit wall

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31
Q

Corn male and female inflorescence

A

male corn the tassel-pannicel
female corn the cob-spike

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32
Q

Corn silks

A

the silks coming off the kernals are the style

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33
Q

Carpellate means

A

develops kernal from ovary

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34
Q

is corn carpellate?

A

Yes

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35
Q

Corn Jumping Genes

A

Scientists found that kernals of corn can trasnferable DNA between kernels.

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36
Q

Corn Hybrid Vigour

A

Cornis bread for hybrid vigour
meaning that the hybrids they breed have better traits, resitisancace to dorught depression, bigger, jucier etc.

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37
Q

Corn Inbreeding

A

Corn ususally inbreeds becuase they have the male and female pollinate eachiother on the same platn so they get rid of the male tassel so they cant fertilize and breed hybrids together in order to make the best corn double hybrid!

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38
Q

how much of our food contains corn

A

70%

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39
Q

corn used for

A

gase, alcohol , feed , food, export

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40
Q

why cant we use corn for bread

A

corn doesnt have gluten
corn doesnt have 2 essential amino acids

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41
Q

What does corn use a lot of (ISSUE WITH GORWING CORN)

A

Nitrogen

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42
Q

Wheat Evolution

A

Take wild wheat + wild wheat = Cell Errored Sterile Wheat

they reproduce asexually to get back to normal amount of chromsomees and produce fertil offspring with double the amount of chromosomes
REPEAT

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43
Q

What was the specieation of wheat

A

sympatric speciation

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44
Q

Sympatric Speciation vs Allopatric Speciatio

A

Sympatric Speciation - no geographical barrier between species but multiple different species in the same area creating a new species

ALlopatric speciatiin -

geogrpahical barrier spereating species but when they get brought back together we see completely new species (lack of gene flow)

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45
Q

Gluten

A

is the stuff that makes breasd rise
causes celiac diease when gluten fragments get into the intestinal lingng and inflammed
autoimmune reaction

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46
Q

Rice

A

grows in patties
feeds the most people in the world

Sub1 gene genetic engineering allowed for flooding restance to increase from 3 day to 14 days
cause they grow in areas with lots of flooding and water

Brown rice is while grain
White rice is jsut the endosperm

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47
Q

Azolla

A

the symbitoic fern that grown in rice patties for Nitrogen Fixation to let patties grow

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48
Q

Rye

A

alcohol- low gluten

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49
Q

Traidically

A

wheat rye hybrid (drought resistant)

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50
Q

Oats

A

fibre and animal feed

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51
Q

lawn grass Pros and Cons

A

Pros - better than cement cause it can photsynthesize
Cons
monoculture
water use efficiency alot
fertilizers and pesticides

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52
Q

BIoFuels

A

Corn and Sugar Cane and Switch grass

Corn is used for gas but lots of third world countries rely in it to feed people so itll feed less people if we use it to make gas

  • we put more effort energy into corn than it gives us

Sugar Cane - cellusic ehtanol

Switch grass, plentiful and wild

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53
Q

Legumes species name

A

Fabaceae

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54
Q

Legume inflourescence + flowering

A

Raceme usually indeterminant flowering

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55
Q

Legume traits

A

dicots
net veined
taproot
bilateral symmetry

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56
Q

Indeterminant flowering

A

when upwards gorwing is not contianed by a terminal bud so new flowers begin to grow from the top continuously

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57
Q

Types of Legume

A

Alfalfa
Hairy Vetch
Canadian Milk Vetch
Black Locust

58
Q

Dihescent

A

dihescent means the fruit opens naturally to expose the seeds

peanuts are not dihescnet most legumes are

59
Q

Legume Anatomy

A

Banner = 2 wings and a keel

Fused stamens
Free stames
Stames = 9 +1
Calyx - where sepels form
Pistil - same as carpel

60
Q

Roots of Legumes

A

have rhizobium nodules

61
Q

Rhizobium nodules

A

fed by the plant carbs because in complete darkness

  • purpose is to allow fixation of nitrogen for the plant
62
Q

NItrogen Cycle

A

NitrogenN2 in the air goes to soil and fixated into Ammonia NH4 by plants and bacteria

Ammonia is changed into nitrite NH2 via bacteria decomposers and animal waste

Nitrite into Nitrite then back into Nitrogen

63
Q

Legumes and Oil

A

34% of oil are legume 30% soybean 4% peanut

64
Q

Peanuts grow in the gorund because

A

the fllower dies and falls to the ground and reproductive parts are on the ground

65
Q

Seed Coat

A

red papery coveirng on the penaut
all legumes have one coveiring their seed just different shapes

66
Q

Peanut Embryo

A

the tip of the peanut is the embryo and everything else is the endosperm

67
Q

Kudzu

A

pest legume that grows fast and a lot over other plants

68
Q

Pidgeon Pea

A

for hybrid vigour

69
Q

Soybeans

A

plant soybeans after corn to replensihs nutrients llst form corn because soybeasn have all essential amino acids

70
Q

Cinderella Plant

A

Soybean - used to be second rate but now is super popular (edamame)

71
Q

Soybean protein by weight

A

40%

72
Q

Why cant you eat soy bean whole

A

dont eat the pods becuase they contaiin a trypsin inhibitor which doesnt let us digest the protien, so when we cook them we unblock trypsin and can eat them

73
Q

Starches Family

A

no family

74
Q

Modified Stems

A

rhizome
stolon
tuber- white potatoe - tip of enlarged stem
bulb - inion
corm - ballsack undergorund with hairs roots off it

75
Q

Modified Roots

A

tuberours Roots - Sweet potatoes (form tubers)
tap roots - carrot

76
Q

White Potatoes

A

a tuber - starchy and have a toxic shoot - solanine toxin

dicot
netveined
5 leaves pinnate

77
Q

why did the europeans not want to grow potatoes that much

A

they found out the dshoots were toxic to eat because of solanine toxin

78
Q

Bananas

A

cathenocarpic- no seeds because no fertilizations therifroe called the virgin fruit - asexual reoprodcution

79
Q

Yams

A

tropics- more like a white potatoe
a tuber

80
Q

taro

A

gorws in patties
edible corms, leaves and petioles

80
Q

History of the White Potato

A

Started in southe america , came to england and europe.

vegetatively greew so they were very easy to grow ( eyes ) jsut put them in the ground

Lots of poor people in ireland saw that they were easy to grow and therfore easy source of food.

blight came through and becuase they were all asexually grow their was a lack of genetic diversity, adn wiped out ,m opst crops
killed 25% of the popilati,

81
Q

was their a cure for the blight

A

YES, monsato company found it but wouldnt let people grow it by themeselves so they had to keep buyign from them

82
Q

Sweet Potatoe

A

a tuberous root

grows on vines on the ground

more sweet lots of beta carotene

83
Q

Cassava

A

Hawaii tuberous root,

very large

cant eat raw becasue enzymes rupture cells releasigng HCN which causes cyanide poisoning.

they must filter it with water in order to have the HCN evaporate out

also can steam or cook it

HYDROCYNIC ACID

84
Q

Date Palm Flowers

A

the first evidence of artifical pollination

artificaial breedin g- selecting which flowers breeed

85
Q

Corn and Teosinte

A

differenrt size and number of cobs
different seed dispersal (need to husk a corn not a teosinte (shattering )
stem number - corn one stem
teosinte has multiple stems

86
Q

3 sisters

A

squash corn bean

87
Q

Mustard Plant

A

Sleectively bred into
cabbbage - terminal bud
broccoli - flowers
brussels sprout - ax buds
kholabi - stem
colliflower flowers
kale - leaves

88
Q

Green Revoltion Definition

A

1960s

the largest increase in crop production because of research on high yeild crops and agricultual techniques

89
Q

Inputs to the green revolution

A

water, fertilizeers, machinery , pesticiedes, (transport and machinery main)

90
Q

Problems wiith the green revoultion

A

decrease aquafers
lack of diversity
increase environmentsal damage
high energy cost (machnery)

91
Q

Solutions to Green Revoliton

A

organic fertilizers
drip irrigation
conservation tillage
genetic engineering
biological controls- pests preys

92
Q

Conservation Tillage and its benenfits

A

only plant and spray

save nutrients
decrease need for ferttilizers
increase pesticides
reduces soil erosion
increase water use efficiency with drip irrigatio

93
Q

Biotechnology

A

using cell culture and or molecular techniques to create plants with new and usefful characteristice to us

  • enhance developmetnt of a promising trait to create a valuable crop
94
Q

MIcropropogation

A

using tissue culture to create new shoot systems ina. small area

lots of seedinling s in a small area by putting plant tissue (explant) into media to grow plant
uses diploid and haploid

haploids can be manipulated into diploids to find true breeding genetics

95
Q

Types of Molecular Plant breeding (geneetic engineering)

A

two types

transgenics and DNA modification

96
Q

transgenics

A

a cell with the geneses from a completely different cell

ICHO

incorporate genes into vector ususally plasmid
Carry the gene into the cell
Hope that it incorporates into DNA (trasnforms)
Observe your genee expression of selected gene

97
Q

DNA Modification

A

Crispr Cas 9

crispr has endonuclease Cas ( which chops up dna allowinfg for deletion or insertion of differetn dna

isolation needs to be done swith inbred or close family DNA

gRNA - guides CAs 9 to modifcation cite

98
Q

Benefits of Crispr

A

resistance
growth and production
quality of food

99
Q

Cotton

A

90 % of cotton has Bt cotton, which codes for a pesticide because cotton is highly susceptibale to infestatiom

Working on cotton that is cotton and plysester

100
Q

Most Common GM Plants

A

Cootton soybeans corn canola tomatoes

101
Q

Advantage of biotechnology

A

improves society ( drought, depression , insulin antibodies)
quick

102
Q

Disvadvantages of Biotechnoligy

A

side effects

effects on humans if we eat it
effects on soil if planted effects on environment, effets on plant generations down the line

103
Q

Meiosis Rundown

A

PMAT

Prophase 1 - nuclear envelope break, chromatin uncoils, chromatin coils into chromsomes, line up next two eachother @ centromeres

Metaphase 1 - chromsomes join at middle (synapsis )

Anaphase1 - chromosomes pull towarsd the poles (horizontally)

Telophase 1 - cytokinesis into two differnet cells, nuclear envelope rebuilds (2) haploid

Prophase 2 - nuclear envelope brekas down agian

Metaphase - line up in middle

Anaphase - 4 sister chromatids pulled towards the poles (vertically)

Telophase 2
- 4 different cells

104
Q

Cytokinesis

A

the creation of the cell plate that seprates cells by vesicels from the golgi body bringing material
in plants

not in animals
animals have the cleavage furrow

105
Q

Tulipomania

A

everyone wanted tulips
spotted tulips were diseased
tulips in holland
tulips at ottowa becuase protected hollands royal family
lost its no

106
Q

Angiosperm Reproduction Rundown

A

Zygote (MEIOSIS) micro spore and mega spore - male and female gametophtye - sperm and egg (FERTILIZATION) - zygote

107
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell Replication Parent cells - to daughter cells.

108
Q

Complete Flower

A

has Stamen carpel sepals and petals

109
Q

Perfect flower

A

has bothmale and female reproductive parts on it

110
Q

Where does meiosis occur in female and male

A

anther in male
ovary in female

111
Q

Monoeceious

A

one home, male and female reproductive structures on smae plant but not on smae flower

ex CORN

112
Q

Diecious

A

two homes, male plant and female plant, one reproductive sturcture on each

ex KIWI

113
Q

Tepals

A

when sepals and petals look the same

114
Q

Alstomeria

A

the plant from class

mono cot
6 tepals
infereior ovary
parallel veined
perfect flower
umbel inflorescence
bilateral symmetry

115
Q

MALE REPRODUCTION IN ANGIOSPERMS MAIN

A
  1. mother microspore in anther enters meiosis
  2. 4 microspore offspring are made adn lcuster into a tetrad sticking together
  3. each microspore in the tetrad breask off ionto a pollen grain
    4 pollne grain has 2 vegetative cells and 2 sperm cells
    —-Vegetative cells lead the way making the pollentiube down the style into the ovary—
  4. One sperm cells fertilizes the egg cell to make the zygote the opther sperm cell fertilizes two of the polar nuclei to make a triploid 3n - this then turns into the endosperm

STEP 4 AKA Double Fertilization

116
Q

MIcropyle

A

the entrance of the pollen tube into the ovary

117
Q

FEMALE REPRODUCTION IN ANGIOSPERM MAIN

A
  1. Megaspore mother cell in ovary goes through meiosis
  2. Creates 4 mega spore cells. 3 degernerater and one cell moves one
  3. Cell that moves on goes thorugh mtitosis 3 times creating 1 egg cell 2 polarized nuclei, 2 synergids and 3 antipodal cells)
    4.these 8 cells are all encased int heo embryo sac in the ovule
118
Q

Photosythesis

A

c02 + light + water = sugar

119
Q

C02 works with what wher

A

c02 calvin cycle in stroma to create suger

120
Q

wate works with what where

A

water works with light reactions in thykloid membrane for making H20 and ATP

121
Q

chlorplast reaction centres

A

thykaloid and stroma

122
Q

Why are leaves green?

A

Most leaves use chlorophyl a and b which only reflect yellow and green light and absorb everything else

123
Q

Why do leaves change colour

A

chlorphyl a and b dont wokr well in cold fall temperatures but beta carotene does which reflects red orange yellow colours

124
Q

what are the pigments

A

chlorophyl a and b

125
Q

leaf anantomy

A

epidermis - protect
cuticle - waxy to oprevent water escaping
mesophyl cells - wheer chlorplasts are
chloroplasts - where photsythesis occurs
stomata - lets water and gas exchange occur

126
Q

Granum

A

the bundle of thykaloids

127
Q

Stroma

A

the space within the chllorplast that is not the thykaloids

128
Q

thykaloid is where what occurs

A

photosythesis

129
Q

2 main components onf the Chloroplast

A

stroma and thykaloid

130
Q

Light Reactions in Photosystem

A

occurs in the thykaloid membrane

photons it the pigment molecules that are in the thykaloid, they tranasfer to each molecule transfering electrons to reach the RCC reaction centre complex. From the rcc they hit the 2 chlorphyl a molecules and electrons are then passed to the primary accpetor.

Primary accpetor passes them to the ETc where they get passed to Pc and create ATP

131
Q

Cyclic Photophosporylation

A

when the electrons create the ATP they get cycled back into the rcc then the primary accpetor where they wrok again

132
Q

Two photosystems + Non cyclic photophosporylation

A

We see the electron form when ATP was made transfer to the pigent molecules of photosystem 1 (second photsystem) and go to rcc then to priomary acceptor but now they come down to make NADPH

133
Q

Regular Photphosphorylation

A

is chemiosmosis for plants

H+ ions going down the ETC entering the inner thykaloid mebrane space. High conectraiton now. ATP sythase pumps them down the gradient breaks. down the gradient adn produces ATP.

134
Q

where adn what is the cytochrome complex

A

in the photsystem 2 , the last spot the electorn gets passed to.

135
Q

C3 plant

A

uses Rub p + co2 with enzyme rubisco to make 6 carbon molecule , most plants are c3

136
Q

C4 plants

A

seperate c02 fixation adn calvins cycle in order ot decrease chance of photorespiration

137
Q

photorepsiration

A

when clavin uses 02 instead of C02

138
Q

CAM

A

seperates c02 adn calvin cycle by time of day
- c02 enters into leaf at night stomata open

139
Q

phosphorylation

A

adding a phosphate to something

140
Q

6 origins

A

Eastern North America
MesoAmerica
Sotuh american highlands
yangzte and yellow rriver basin
Fertile Crescent
New Guniea Highlands

EMSFNY

Economic Botany (2 decks)

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