Bottom Line Chapter 4 Flashcards by Connor Vankouwenberg

What do typical vertebrae consist of

Vertebral bodies and vertebral arches

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What do vertebral bodies do

Bear weight and increase in size proportionately

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What do vertebral arches do

House and protect the spinal cord and the rots of the spinal nerves

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What do processes do

Provide attachment and leverage for muscles

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What are the chief regional characteristics of cervical vertebrae

Foramina transversarii

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What are the chief regional characteristics of thoracic vertebrae

Costal facets

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What are the chief regional characteristics of lumbar vertebrae

Absence of foramina transversarii and costal facets

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What are the chief regional characteristics of sacral vertebrae

Fusion of vertebrae

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What are the chief regional characteristics of coccygeal vertebrae

Rudimentary nature

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How are vertebrae joined to form a semirigid column

By IV discs and zygapophysial joints

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What determines the degree of mobility

The thickness of the disc

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What controls the type of movement between adjacent vertebrae

Orientation of zygapophsyial joints

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Which ligaments resist hyperextension

Anterior longitudinal ligament

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What do the remaining ligaments resist

Flexion

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What joint enables the yes (nodding) movement of the head

Atlant-occipital joints

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What joint enables the no (rotational) movement of the head

Atlanto-axial joints

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Which vertebrae are the most mobile

Cervical and lumbar

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Where do flexion and extension primarily occur

Cervical and lumbar regions

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What region does rotation occur in

Cervical and thoracic regions

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What are the primary curvatures of the spine

Thoracic and sacral

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What are the secondary curvatures of the spine

Cervical and lumbar

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What does lordoses go with

Secondary curvature

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What does kyphoses go with

Primary curvature

Which curvatures are developmental

Primary curvatures

Which curvatures are acquired in relation to the erect human posture

Secondary curvatures

What do the curvatures provide

Shock absorbing resilience and flexibility

What provide dynamic support to maintain the curvatures

Extensors of the back and abdominal flexors

What arteries supply the vertebral column

Spinal branches of major cervical and segmental arteries

What veins collect blood from the vertebrae

Internal and external vertebral venous plexuses

Where do the veins drain

The vertebral veins of the neck and segmental veins of the trunk

What nerve innervates the zygapophysial joints

Medial branches of adjacent posterior rami

What supply most bone, IV discs, and ligaments as well as the meninges of the spinal cord

Recurrent meningeal branches of spinal nerves

What muscles are axioappendicular muscles that serve the upper limb

Superficial extrinsic back muscles

What are the extrinsic back muscles innervated by

Anterior rami of spinal nerves

Which extrinsic back muscle is innervated by the CN XI

Trapezius

What are the deep intrinsic back muscles innervated by

Posterior rami of spinal nerves

What are the 3 layers of the back muscles

1. Superficial (splenous muscles) 2. Intermediate (erector muscles) 3. Deep (transversospinalis muscles)

What is the primary function of the intrinsic muscles

Provide primarily extension and proprioception for posture stabilize and produce movement of the trunk

What do the suboccipital muscles do

Produce and/or provide proprioceptive information concerning movements at the cranioverterbal joints

What are the main contents of the vertebral canal (4)

1. Spinal cord 2. Spinal nerve roots 3. CSF 4. Meninges

How much of the spinal canal is occupied by the spinal cord in adults

Superior 2/3

What are the 2 enlargements of the spinal cord

Cervical and lumbrosacral

What are the enlargements related to

Innervation of the limbs

What is the end of the spinal cord called

Conus medullaris

Where is the conus medullaris located

L1 or L2 vertebra

What is the extension of pia mater that attaches to the coccyx

Filum terminale

What is the bundle of nerve roots below inferior to the conus medullaris

Cauda equina

What do the filum terminale travel within

Lumbar cistern

Nerve tissues and neurovascular structures of the vertebral canal are suspended in what

CSF

Where is the CSF contained

Within the dural sac and dural root sheaths

What is the fluid-filled subarachnoid space lined with

Pia and arachnoid mater

When doing a lumbar puncture or epidural where should you do this

The lumbar cistern

What reinforce the longitudinal spinal arteries

Asymmetric segmental medullary arteries

What do the longitudinal spinal arteries supply

The spinal cord

What do the segmental medullary arteries supply

Spinal nerve roots

What do the radicular arteries supply

The nerve roots where segmental medullary arteries do not occur

True or False: The veins draining the spinal cord do not have a distribution and drainage that generally reflect that of spinal arteries

False