Bovine GIT

Question 1

Actinobacillosis (“Wooden Tongue”) is caused by in cattle

Answer 1

Feed with hard stems, fox tail awns
Abrasians cause microabscesses
Actinobacillus lignierseii

Question 2

Signs at treatment of Actinobacillosis (“Wooden Tongue”) in cattle

Answer 2

Weight loss, hypersalivation
DDx = Rabies!
Treatment
IV Sodium Iodine
Broadspectrum antibiotics

Question 3

Prevention of wooden tongue in cattle

Answer 3

Avoid feeding coarse feed
Most common in beef

Question 4

Actinomycosis (“Lumpy Jaw”) in cattle is

Answer 4

Most common in beef
Feed stuff with hard stems, fox tail awns
Abrasions cause microabscesses
Actinomyces bovis
Colonize soft tissues then bone

Question 5

Actinomycosis (“Lumpy Jaw”) c/s and treatment in cattle

Answer 5

Weight loss, hypersalivation, hard swelling of bone
DDx– Rabies!
Treatment
IV Sodium Iodine
Broadspectrum antibiotics

Question 6

Prevention of lumpy jaw in cattle

Answer 6

Avoid feeding course feed

Question 7

Lactic acidosis (“Grain Overload”) can be caused by what in cattle

Answer 7

Rapid increase in concentrates or grain
Feedlot calves transitioned too quickly
Dairy cows on wrong Total Mixed Ration
Beef cattle in grain bin
Carbohydrates rapidly ferment to produce lactic acid
Ruminal pH decreases, kills ruminal microbes
Acidic environment osmotically draws fluid into rumen
Systemic dehydration
Damage to rumen mucosa
Acute-Mild bloat, decreased rumen motility, dehydration, diarrhea, recumbency
Emergency!
Chronic–liver abscesses

Question 8

C/S of lactic acidosis in cattle

Answer 8

Acute-Mild bloat, decreased rumen motility, dehydration, diarrhea, recumbency
Emergency!
Chronic–liver abscesses

Question 9

Treatment of lactic acidosis in cattle

Answer 9

Lavage rumen/surgery
IV fluids
Transfaunation

Question 10

Ruminal tympany is in catlte

Answer 10

Distension of the rumen
Many different diseases/conditions
A symptom, NOT a diagnosis!
Any cattle, any production phase
Distension of the upper left quadrant first
Then lower left, lower right, upper right

Question 11

Steps of ruminal tympany in cattle

Answer 11

Increase Rumen Gas
Decrease Rumen motility
Abnormal Rumen Microbes
Lower Esophageal Sphincter Obstructed
Eructation Impaired
Pressure on Diaphragm and Vena Cava
Decreased Respiration and Venous Return
Death

Question 12

Primary bloat vs seconday bloat signs in cattel

Answer 12

Primary
-“Frothy Bloat”
Secondary
-“Free gas bloat”
-Vagal Indigestion–damage to vagus nerve = reduced rumen function

Question 13

Primary bloat in cattle is caused by

Answer 13

Ruminal gases trapped in stable foam
Cannot eructate
Legumes with high protein
Alfalfa, clover
Not enough forage to stimulate rumen motility

Question 14

Treatment of primary bloat in cattle

Answer 14

Pass orogastric tube, rumen trocar
Administer anti-foaming agent
DSS, canola oil

Question 15

Secondary type I in cattle is

Answer 15

failure of eructation: obstruction of the esophagus
Foreign body (potato), mass (lymphoma, abscess)

Question 16

Type Ii secondary bloat in cattle

Answer 16

failure of omasal transport: feed cannot be transported from rumen to omasum
Foreign body (trichobezoar, potato), mass (lymphoma, abscess), damage to vagal nerve (ex. Hardware disease), decreased rumen motility (ruminal acidosis, hypocalcemia, ketosis)

Question 17

Type III secondary bloat in cattle is

Answer 17

failure of abomasal outflow: feed cannot be transported from abomasum to duodenum
Foreign body (trichobezoar, abomasal impaction), mass (lymphoma, abscess), damage to vagal nerve (hardware disease), abomasal displacement

Question 18

Treatment of secondary bloat in cattle

Answer 18

Pass orogastric tube
Place temporary rumen trocar
Permanent rumenotomy surgery–“bloat hole”
Prognosis depends on cause

Question 19

Traumatic reticuloperitonitis (“Hardware disease”) is caused by what in cattle

Answer 19

Caudal pointing papillae in oral mucosa
Cannot easily spit out foreign material
Ex. Nails, wire
Heavy foreign bodies sink to bottom of reticulum
Penetrate reticulum–peritonitis
Penetrate diaphragm–pericarditis
If involvement of vagus nerve = vagal indigestion/bloat

Question 20

Symptoms of hardware disease in cattle

Answer 20

Inappetence, decreased milk production, reluctance to move, reduced rumen contractions, ”papple bloat”
Positive “grunt” test, withers test
Pulsing jugular, Heart murmur

Question 21

How to diagnose and treat hardware disease in cattle

Answer 21

Diagnosis
- Radiographs and ultrasound
Treatment
-Rumenotomy
-Broad spectrum antibiotics

Question 22

Prevention of hardware disease in cattle

Answer 22

Oral magnet

Question 23

Abomasal displacement in cattle is

Answer 23

High concentrate low roughage diet
Excess gas production
Dilation of abomasum
Subclinical ketosis, hypocalcemia
Decreased motility

Question 24

Signs of abomasal displacement and treatment

Answer 24

“Ping” at gas-fluid interface
Basketball being bounced in a gym
Treatment
Fluid therapy
Propylene glycol for ketosis
Abdominal surgery
Rolling and toggling
Pyloropexy–Right paralumbar fossa approach ideal.

Question 25

Anesthesia for an abomasal displacement in cattle

Answer 25

Anesthesia: +/- sedation Blocks: paravertebral, inverted L, line block Common in dairy

Question 26

Abomasal impaction in cattle is caused by

Answer 26

Cattle fed too much straw to prolong hay stores Rumen microbes cannot effectively digest straw Abomasum becomes impacted

Question 27

Abomasal impaction in cows c/s

Answer 27

Usually several cows affected Inappentence, weight loss, distension of lower right and left quadrants

Question 28

Treatment and prevention of abomasal impaction in cattle

Answer 28

Treatment-surgery Prognosis-poor Common in beef

Question 29

Diarrhea in cattle

Answer 29

Any cattle, any age, any stage of production Watery, doesn’t hold form Normal is cake batter consistency Feces smeared all over hindquarters and tail Some perineum staining is normal

Question 30

BVD affects what cattle

Answer 30

6–24 months of age Transient fever, diarrhea, ulcers in mouth and coronary bands Most recover Or immunocompromised and die of other causes

Question 31

What happens if a pregnant cow is infected by BVD

Answer 31

Infection during pregnancy Abortion Persistently infected calf Source of infection for rest of herd

Question 32

BVD persistently infected calves

Answer 32

Stunted and unthrifty Outwardly normal

Question 33

How to isolate BVD

Answer 33

Fecal sample Intermittently shed Ear notches of suspect PI calves No treatment Vaccination

Question 34

Paratuberculosis (“Johne’s Disease”) is infected by in cattle

Answer 34

Fecal- oral infection Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) Persistent in the environment for up to one year

Question 35

Signs of Paratuberculosis (“Johne’s Disease”) in cattle

Answer 35

Symptomatic after years Granulomatosis enteritis Protein loss, malabsorption Diarrhea Lose condition despite good appetite

Question 36

Diagnosis and treatment of Johnes disease in cattle

Answer 36

Diagnosis PCR of feces Intermittant shedding No Treatment Identify and cull high shedders

Question 37

Prevention of paratuberculosis in cattle

Answer 37

Test all new incoming cattle Closed herd Vaccination

Question 38

Coccidiosis infects what cattle

Answer 38

One month to one year of age Protozoal infection with Eimeria sp

Question 39

Coccidiosis in cattle is caused by

Answer 39

Crowded pens Nursery pens Feedlots

Question 40

Symptoms of coccidiosis in cattle

Answer 40

Decreased weight gain Soft feces to bloody watery diarrhea Specific smell Lethargy Colic Weight loss

Question 41

Diagnosis and treatment of coccidiosis in cattle

Answer 41

Diagnosis Oocysts fecal sample Treatment Self-limiting Sulfonamides Rumensin Coccidiostat Increases feed conversion efficiency