Sheep Flashcards

Question

Polioenchealomalacia signs and treatment for sheep

Answer 1

Signs Sudden onset Star gazing Extensor rigidity Initially stand then become recumbent Treatment and prevention Responds to very high dose of IV thiamine Prevention : make dietary changes slowly

Answer 2

Lambs: Enterotoxemia type B,C, or D (pulpy kidney) Any age Blackleg Lightning Anthrax

Answer 3

Clostridium chauvoei infection of muscle Clostridium chauveoi can replicate in the GI tract No disease Contaminate pasture Seen in summer and fall In sheep spores directly contaminate wounds and then replicate

Answer 4

Sudden death Lameness Edema Crepitant swellings over any major muscle

Answer 5

Treatment Not usually successful Prevention Easily prevented with vaccination Typically combination vaccines against all common clostridial diseases are given

Answer 6

Affects sheep and cattle Caused by Bacillus anthracis Forms spores when exposed to air Survive for up to 50 years Particularly in soils that are: Alkaline Rich in nitrogen (organic matter) Poorly drained Disturbing the soil (digging or grading it) predisposes to outbreaks Anthrax outbreaks often follow dry period followed by flooding Flooding may dislodge and concentrate spores Cattle/sheep drink standing water in flooded areas Shorter length of pasture also predisposes Following ingestion spore develops Up to a 14 d. incubation period

Answer 7

Signs: Die rapidly Blood oozes from orifices Prevention: Do not open carcass Stain a blood smear for anthrax instead Move rest of herd Live avirulent vaccine (killed by antibiotics)

Answer 8

Wool-sorters Disease Respiratory anthrax from inhaling spores Fever, pain, shortness of breath Often fatal even if treated Skin form Starts as small blister Develops into a painless ulcer with a black center Fatal in some cases if not treated

Answer 9

Guarding Abnormal appearance Lameness, arched back Altered behaviour Shifting weight, circling, pacing, yawning repeatedly Don’t tend to vocalize Self mutilation Inappetance

Answer 10

Tail docking -SQ bupivacaine -Caudal epidural -Flunixin -Meloxicam Dehorning -Ring block -Cornual nerve block Arthritis -Gabapentin -Meloxicam -Ketoprofen

Answer 11

Ewes in late pregnancy Typically multiple fetuses Inadequate grain in diet Result is inadequate glucose to support fetuses Fat mobilization Fatty liver Ketosis

Answer 12

Depression Off feed Blind Weakness Ketones in urine Progresses slowly over several days Death

Answer 13

Oral propylene glycol (marketed as ketol) Up to 60mL every 12 hours IV dextrose 200-250mL IV 50% Sodium bicarbonate Baking soda: 15-20 grams/50mL every 24 hours Remove fetuses C-section, induction

Answer 14

Appropriate grain feeding in late pregnancy Avoid free choice feeding in the first 4 months of gestation Aim for 3-3.5/5 BCS at breeding and parturition Supplement concentrates in last 2-4 weeks of gestation Plan for 3-4 lbs of good quality hay (>10% protein) and 1.5lbs/head/day in late gestation Screening and monitoring Urine

Answer 15

A disease of ewes in late pregnancy or early lactation Disease is acute and rapidly progressive Often in outbreaks in a herd (a few % of herd ar typically affected) Typically triggered by bad weather or some other factor that stops ewes eating

Answer 16

May be hyper-excitable at first Stiff gait No rumen motility Involuntary recumbency Tachycardia Quiet heart sounds Death

Answer 17

Treatment -50-150 ml of calcium borogluconate IV or SC -Stop of arrhythmia develops Prevention -Balance minerals in diet -Add calcium -Vitamin D

Answer 18

Urinary tract stones Risk factors Job (pet vs show) Diet (grain vs pellet) Water source Duration of diet Previous history of stones Other illness

Answer 19

Encourage grazing Limit grain and pellets, increase forage Clean, palatable, temperature appropriate water at all times

Answer 20

High risk of phosphatic Show animal Grain, pellets High risk of calcium carbonate Pet Alfalfa, other legumes

Answer 21

Urinary/urethral obstruction Tail twitching in males Restlessness Anxiety, hunched up posture when strains to urinate “Constipated” Bruxism Vocalization Distension of abdomen

Answer 22

Develop urinary bladder Lodge Distal sigmoid flexure of penis Verminous appendage/urethral process

Answer 23

Surgical Verminous appendage amputation Tube cystotomy Urethrostomy Medical therapy Increasing urine volume and dilution Decreasing matrix component Ammonium chloride Calcium chloride

Answer 24

Identify stone or make educated guess Decrease pellets and grain, encourage grazing Provide free choice loose mineral in addition to salt Clean, palatable water at all times Ca:P ratio of 2:1

Answer 25

Enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE) Chlamydophila/Chlamydia abortus Campylobacter Q-fever Coxiella burnetti Toxoplasma Salmonella Listeria Brucella Border disease

Answer 26

Late-term abortions with ewes being normal Stillbirths Weak lambs Last 2-3 weeks of gestation Oral transmission of placenta and birth fluids Risk of abortion following year if lambs normal Once ewe aborts she will never abort again but will shed to others Abortion storms

Answer 27

Biosecurity health status of flock you buy from! Killed vaccine Zoonotic

Answer 28

Late term abortion Stillbirths Sick ewes then abortion Diarrhea Oral transmission Biosecrutiy Never mix ewes together while pregnant Killed vaccine Zoonotic

Answer 29

Coxiella burnetti Late term abortions Aerosol transmission Barn dust Killed vaccine

Answer 30

Milk Influenza signs Myocarditis

Answer 31

Toxoplasma gondii Primary host is juvenile cats Rodents Oral transmission

Answer 32

Oral transmission Early, Mid, Late-term abortions Naïve flock suddenly exposed to cats No vaccine Zoonotic Birth defects Abortions Neuro signs in immunocompromised

Answer 33

Lesions around mouth, sometimes feet in young lambs Udders, teats in ewes Parapoxvirus Strong immunity Once on property =, there to stay Vaccine, live virulent (mild), spreads through herd Never vaccinate an infected herd Zoonotic

Answer 34

adults A common cause of loss of condition in mature ewes Cannot properly masticate feed Cul

Answer 35

Chronic, contagious bacterial disease Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Purulent material, very thick, non-odorous Lymph nodes throughout body

Answer 36

Chronic weight loss, ill thrift Isolate Antibiotic therapy Cull

Answer 37

MAP same as cattle Younger adults > 18 months Progressive weight loss, diarrhea, good appetite Feces may be normal or soft Serology Fecal PCR Cull

Answer 38

Lentivirus Maedi-visna Chronic progressive pneumonia Sheep > 4 years Wasting (weight loss) and respiratory distress Mastitis “Hard bag” MV Encephalitis signs Identify and cull Serology, colostrum management

Answer 39

Haemonchus contortus Trichostrongyles Nematodirus Coccidia Trichuris

Answer 40

FAMACHA scoring Body condition score Egg per gram counts Deworm only animals who require it Use short acting products Administer proper dose for species, weight, route Prepare clients for culling genetically susceptible animals Non-pharmacologic control Copper oxide, Diatomaceous earth

Answer 41

Serious welfare issue of sheep Eggs of blowflies laid and hatch in moist manure stained wool Maggots migrate to skin and feed on animal’s flesh Multiple wounds Secondary infections, sepsis

Answer 42

Dichelobacter nodosus Fusobacterium necrophorum Infectious! Contagious, can be introduced by a carrier sheep Condition involving interdigital space AND overgrown claw tissue

Answer 43

Foot rot Laminitis Subsolar abscess Arthritis Joint ill Injury

Answer 44

Fusobacterium necrophorum Environmental, anaerobe Wet, muddy conditions Disease of skin between claws Confined to interdigital space only

Answer 45

Ewes too fat Carrying multiple lambs Feeding bulky diet in late pregnancy Inadequate calcium Lack of exercise

Answer 46

Last few days to weeks of pregnancy Red tissue protruding when ewe is laying down, then progresses when standing Treatment Ewe retainer spoon

Answer 47

Ewe has been straining for more than 30-40 minutes without progress Water bag visible and no progress after 30 minutes Limb or tail present yet no progress Head of fetus is visible with no limbs present Exhausted or weak ewe

Answer 48

Material fetal mismatch Most common Malposition Ringwomb Pregnancy toxemia

Answer 49

Betadine soap Lubricant Lamb snare Sterile syringes and needles Vitamin E/selenium injections Clean towels Clean pail of warm water OB gloves

Answer 50

Incomplete cervical dilation More than six hours after fetal membranes first appear at vulva Older ewes Hormonal influence? Can only dilate 3-5 cm in diameter only allowing two or three fingers Treatment = Caesarean section

Answer 51

Predation risks Reduce injuries and deaths from attacking predator Working dogs not pets Live with flock from young age Rabies vaccine Deworm Tapeworm control!

Answer 52

Clostridial diseases Controlled by vaccination Parasitism Controlled by strategic deworming and moving to a new pasture In pregnant ewes Pregnancy Toxemia Hypocalcemia Controlled by appropriate diet

Answer 53

Bio-exclusion Movement of people, animals, vehicles Cleaning and disinfection Good husbandry, vaccination

Answer 54

Bio-Management Good hygiene on the farm Move from ”cleanest” to “dirtiest” pens

Answer 55

Bio-containment Quarantine Good hygiene of those leaving the farm

Answer 56

Shared grazing Wildlife contact with feed or herd Use shared truck/trailer without cleaning/disinfecting in between Sharing working horses between farms Not disinfecting feed trucks Visitors coming onto farm without new boots/clothing Using colostrum from another farm Buy animals from auctions/sales Comingling of different herds/species Buying/borrowing nurse cows Commingling feeder calves from other sources Fenceline contact/shared water with other herds Purchased replacement herd animals without quarantine Purchasing orphaned calves (“bottle babies”)