Bovine reproduction 2

Question 1

Describe the definitive and non definitive behavioural signs associated with oestrus in cows ?

Answer 1

Oestrus behavioural signs

Definitive signs of oestrus
- cow standing to be mounted by another cow

Non-definitive signs of oestrus
- mounting other cows
- vulva mucous dischrage (thin, clear mucous)
- vulva swelling
- sexually active groups (SAG)
- restlessness, increased walking
- sniffing licking and rubbing on other cows
- Flehman response
- chin resting
- poor milk let down
- rubbed pin bones or base of tail

Question 2

Identify 10 factors which could affect the display of oestrus in cows ?

Answer 2

Factors affecting the display of oestrus in cows

1. Environment - hard ground
2. Stress
3. Lameness
4. Health (sick cows are less likely to display oestrus)
5. Climate
6. Nutrition and milk yeild ( cows experiencing a greater negative energy balance are less likely to display oestrus).
7. Age (older cows have a short and less intense heat).
8. Breed (Bos indicus cattle are less likely to display oestrus)
9. Synchronisation method
10. Number of animals simulteneously being in oestrus
11. moving of animals

Question 3

What is a SAG ?

Answer 3

Sexually active group

group of cows engaging in mounting behaviour together.

Question 4

What is the duration of oestrus ?

Answer 4

The duration of oestrus

• traditionally 18-24hrs
• usually on average 10-15 mounts are recorded per cow per estrus period (intensity)

Question 5

Describe how you could calculate the positive predictive value (evaluation of heat detection) ?

Answer 5

Positive predictive value
(a measure of accuracy)

Probability of the test being correct, IE the cow truly is in heat.

= number of correct detections / (number of correct and false positive detections) * 100

Question 6

Describe three different methods of producing a teaser animal ?

Answer 6

Teaser animals
(a chin ball should be applied to detect when a teaser has mounted)

1. Hormonal treatment
- should only be used on culled females or steers.
- Testosterone proprionate 2g IM
- must always be declared as a growth promotant when sold.

2. Surgery to create teaser (Gomer) bulls
   - vasectomy, epididymectomy
   - penile fixation
   - penile deviation
   Disadvantages
   - veneral diseases
   - libido may reduce with time
   - hazards associated with keeping bulls

Question 7

Identify the bull:cow ratio when,
A - all the cows are synchronised ?
B - the cows are not synchronised ?

Answer 7

Bull:cow ratio

A when the cows to be mated are synchronised
- use a ratio of 1 bull: 10 - 30 cows

B. In unsynchronised cows
- use a ratio of 1:30-50 cows

Question 8

Identify six different techniques we could utilise to improve oestrus detection ?

Answer 8

Improving oestrous detection
(the cost of a single missed oestrus = $ 200).

1. Improve cow identification and record keeping
2. Spend time specifically observing cow behaviour
   - minimum of twice daily, 20-30mins each time
   - may even be beneficial to start recording heats prior to mating, to assist with predicting the cows comming into heat.
3. Place suspicious cows into a group of oestrus animals
4. Optimise nutrition and health
5. Utilisation of detection aids
6. Train staff

If farmer is unable to detect oestrus efficiently could consider TAI.

Question 9

Identify seven aids which could be used to assist in the detection of oestrus ?

Answer 9

Aids which can be utilised for oestrus detection.

1. Tail paint, or crayons
2. Kamars (capsule broken by pressure during mounting)
3. Estrostat (scratchy with fluroscent paint)
4. Pedometers
5. Progesterone measurement in milk lines and dipstick
6. Hormone treated detector animals
7. Gomer bulls

Question 10

A) Define a submission rate ?
B) What is the ideal submission rate in a seasonal / split calving herd ?
C) What is the ideal submission rate in a year-round calving herd ?

Answer 10

A) Submission rate
The percentage of cows detected in oestrus and submitted for AI within a given period.

B) Ideal in a seasonal herd = 86% submission rate over a 3-week period.

C) Ideal in a year-round calving herd = 73% submission rate over an 80 day period.

Anything below the ideal indicates either
- a high proportion of cows not cycling
- poor estrus detection efficiency

Question 11

Describe the aetiology behind a free martin ?

Answer 11

Free martinism
Definition = The sterile female of a male - female twin pair.

Aetiology
- Vascular connections between placentae of the developing twin (or multiple) foetuses
- results in co mingling of blood supplie occurs
- each foetus becomes a blood chimaera each carries blood cells / DNA from the other foetus

If this happens prior to sexual differentiation (D40) and the twins are male + female

• this results in the development of the female foetus’ reproductive tract under exposure to testosterone and antimullerian hormone (AMH)
• and exposure of the SRY gene in the male
• exposure to AMH induces regression of the mullerian ducts, cranial vagina, cervix, uterus and uterine tubes.
• exposure to testosterone causes varying degrees of musculinisation

Question 12

What is the effect of freemartinism of the reproductive tract of the female calf ?

Answer 12

Freemartinism
(incidence >90% of female foetuses cotwinned to a male will be freemartins).
- male cotwin usually not affected

The result (internally)
Hypoplasia of the female reproductive tract with varying degress of musculinisation.

• internally short blind ending vagina
• adult freemartin <10cm
• hypoplastic reproductive tract on rectal exam often “uterus hard to find”
• ovaries vary in size from small to normal
• cervix is absent
• occassionally may palpate seminal vesicles

Question 13

What are the external clinical signs of a free martin ?

Answer 13

External signs of a free-martin

• variable
• non pregnant heifer following a normal breeding period
• externally: tuft of hair from vulva labia
• hypoblastic mammary teats (those normally seen in males)
• clitoris may be prominent
• increased anogenital distance

Question 14

Describe how you would diagnose and treat a freemartin calf ?

Answer 14

Freemartin
Diagnoses
- history of female twinning with a male
- clinical signs (vaginal length <10cm, hypoblastic reproductive tract, abnormal external vulva (tuft of hair).
- DNA profile (detection of Y chromosome)
- serum AMH high levels >700ng/ml diagnostic

Treatment
- usually culled at birth
- can be used as teasers but will usually require hormonal treatment.

Question 15

Why are freemartins rare in other species ?

Answer 15

Freemartins
are rare in sheep, horses and pigs

This is because placental fusion occurs later past day 40 (when sexual differentiation occurs).

Question 16

If you obtain an abnormal semen sample, how long should you leave the bull before you resample ?

Answer 16

Spermatogenesis
- takes around 60 days or a minimum of two months.

Question 17

Describe the aetiology behind cystic ovarian disease ?

Answer 17

Cystic ovarian disease
Definition
The presence, on one or more ovaries of an anovulatory follicular structure that persist for various periods of time.
- cyst defined follicular structures > 2.5cm in diameter or larger in the absence of a corpus luteum.
- cyst are usually larger than developing follicles but may be of the same size.

COD affects approximately 10% of dairy cows annually.
- is most common during the post partum pariod as cows transition from anoestrous to oestrous cyclicity.
- major cause of infertility
- major cause of increased calving to conception intervals.

Question 18

There are three possible outcomes of COD without intervention.

Without intervention what isthe possible outcome of COD ?

Answer 18

The outcome of COD
(no intervention)

Cyst are not always static structures
1. Cyst may persist for a prolonged period of time (up to 70 days) and remain dominant over other follicular structures.

2. Regression
   - the cyst regresses and is replaced by a new follicular structure that often develops into a new cyst (most cyst show this turn over)
3. Correction
   - regresses and is replaced by a new follicular structure that ovulates, resulting in self correction (occurs in about 20% of cows).

Question 19

Describe the pathology underlying the development of COD ?

Answer 19

Cystic ovarian disease (COD)
Key event = Inadequate development of a preovulatory surge of LH

• COD cows appear refractory to stimulatory effects of GnRH/oestrogen
• increasing oestrodiol normally stimulates a surge of GnRH which in turn stimulates a surge of LH from the pituitary leading to ovulation
• a lack of responsiveness of the GnRH surge centre = an inadequate preovulatory LH surge

The effect; anovulation of ovarian follicles with follicle persistence and an increase in size (>2.5cm)
- follicles persist for >10 days or appear to persist if cyst turnover is taking place.

Question 20

COD; Describe the two types of follicles which may result ?

Answer 20

COD. Two types of cyst

Follicular cyst (Thin walled)
-systemic P4 is low <1ng/ml
- may secrete oestrodiol
- absence of CL
- most common during the post partum period (days 15-45)
- multiple cyst may occur simultaneously

Luteal cyst (Thick walled)
- systemic high P4 >1ng/ml
- luteinisation of the thecal and granulosa cells has occured and these cells now secrete P4
- difficult to distinguish by palpation from luteinised follicles / may require ultrasound.

Question 21

Describe the clinical signs of cystic ovarian disease ?

Answer 21

Clinical signs COD

• nymphomania, persistent oestrus
• erratic oestrus behaviour, observed in oestrus more frequently then expected
• “sterility hump” more often seen in chronic cases
• infertility
• follicles >2.5cm felt on rectal palpation (confirmed at sequential examinations).

Question 22

Describe a sterility hump ?

Answer 22

Sterility hump
(In the vernacular they are called buller cows)

A sterility hump is occasionally seen in cows with chronic cystic ovarian disease.
**
- elevation of the tailhead**
- this occurs due to chronic relaxation of the pelvic ligaments due to chronic exposure to elevated concentrations of oestrogen
- these cows also show frequent oestrus

These cows could be utilised in heat detection programs, however, their behaviour is not entitely consistent.

Question 23

Describe how you could diagnose a case of cystic ovarian disease ?

Answer 23

Ovarian disease

Presentation
History - irregular cycles / infertility / prolonged anoestrous and delayed conception

• sterility hump
• nymphomania
• palpation of follicles >2.5cm or visualisation on ultrasound

Question 24

Describe your potential treatments for cystic ovarian disease COD ?

Answer 24

Treatment for COD

1. No treatment
   - spontaneous recovery < 45 days
   - removal of stressors
2. Manual rupture / aspiration
   - there is an increased risk of adhesions with rupture
3. Hormonal treatments
   - PGF2a to induce luteinisation (we can not tell this has occured)
   - Induction of an LH surge with GnRH or HCG to induce ovulation or luteinisation
   - progesterone can be used to restrore the hypothalmic pituitary sensitivity to oestrodiol.

Question 25

# There are three indications for abortion in cattle List the indications for the induction of an abortion in cattle ?

Answer 25

**Indications to induce an abortion in cattle** **1 Mismating** - animal too young at mating and partuition; prone to dystocia + increased neonatal mortality - retarded growth of dams - reduced life time performance **2. Health concerns / preserve the life of the dam** - hydrops amnion or hydrops allantois - fetal maceration or mummification **3. Feedlot cattle** - allow three weeks backgrounding/ adjustment prior to indcing an abortion - if abortion is induced upon arrival; causes increased stress and susceptability to respiratory diseases. - withhold growth promotants until post abortion (progestins)

Question 26

Describe the cascade of events leading to partuition in cattle ?

Answer 26

Cascade of events leading to partuition in cattle **1. Initiation of parturition** foetal cortisol - space limitation for foetus induces foetal stress (cortisol) - increase in foetal stress (cortisol) leads to a release of foetal ACTH from anterior pituitary which acts upon the foetal adrenal cortex to release cortisol. **2. Placental P4** - foetal cortisol stimulates placental enzymes - placental enzymes converts placental P4 to E2 ** 3. Placental E2** - increased E2 are an outcome of P4 conversion - E2 increases secretions of the reproductive tract such as lubrication - E2 increases uterine endometrial contractions **4. Endometrial PGF2A** - foetal cortisol stimulates the release of PGF2A from the endometrium - PGF2A further enhances myometrial contractions - also causes the lysis of the CL (Luteolysis) thus P4 decreases - PGF causes the release of Relaxin from the placenta/CL 5. Relaxin - produced from either the placenta or CL - causes relaxation of the pelvic ligaments and softening of the cervix.

Question 27

Describe your indications for the induction of partuition ?

Answer 27

**Induction of partuition ** (must be carried out within two weeks of the due date) Historically (seasonal calving) this was commonly carried out in NZ/Australia to avoid late calves and obtain a synchronised calving. - this is no longer allowed ** Current indications** 1. Preserve the life of the dam - excessive udder edema - severe metabolic diseases, (preg toxaemia) - reproductive conditions such as hydrops - or to have a skeduled C section 2. An elective procedure - must obtain a dispensation may be granted under exceptional circumstances beyond the farmers control such as severe weather events or farmers health issues.

Question 28

A. List the potential consequenses of inducing abortion far away from the induction date ? B Compare this to the potential consequences of inducing abortion close to the partuition date.

Answer 28

Potential consequences of inducing abortion early 1. reduced response rate (high variability among animals) Dam 1. inadequate relaxation of pelvic ligamnets or cervical softening, thus increased cases of dystocia 2. foetus is not appropriately presented (dystocia) 3. higher incidence of retained placenta 4. subsequent reproductive performance and milk yeild may be reduced. Calf - reduced udder development absence or reduced colostrum - inadequate foetal maturation - reduced chance for survival

Question 29

Describe at what days during bovine pregnnacy which drugs are most effective ?

Answer 29

Induction of abortion in cattle (pregnnacy 285 days) **PGF2A (days 7 to 120-150 days of gestation)** - corpus luteum is unresponsive to PGF for the first seven days of gestation. - Dinoprost, Cloprostenol **A combination dexmethasone and PGF2A (days >120 days of gestation)** - the placenta starts to produce aid in the production of P4 around this time - this is highly variable (placenta take over time) After treatment assess for foetal viability and repeat the injection 7 days from the first or second injection. - also assess cases of foetal mummification / maceration.

Question 30

Describe how oestrodiol can be used to induce abortion in cattle.

Answer 30

Oestrodiol to induce abortion in cattle. (Never use in dairy cattle) treat with 1-3 days or between >120-150 days of pregnancy. Treatment commenced within 1-3 days of gestation > disrupts oviductal transport of embryo > terminates pregnancy - Benzoate - Cypionate Treatment from 120-150 days ofgestation - causes luteolysis and terminates pregnancy - Benzoate - Cypionate This method of inducing an abortion is not commonly practiced.

Question 31

Describe different methods of inducing partuition in cattle ?

Answer 31

Induction of partuition in cattle (The induction of partuition can only be done within two weeks of expected calving date). 1. PGF2A 2. Using a short acting corticosteroid 3. Using a PGF2A and a short acting corticosteroids combination 4. Using the combination of long acting corticosteroids and short acting corticosteroids or PGF2A

Question 32

Why must partuition be induced within two week of the expected calving date ?

Answer 32

**induction of partuition must occur within two weeks of the expected calving date / ensure viable calves.** Inducing > 2 weeks from expected calving date means - 10-20% induction failure (increased induction failure) - higher incidence of retained placenta - higher incidence of dystocia due to malpresentation - increases calf mortality or reduced birth and weaning weights (especially in beef herds)

Question 33

Compare the following two methods of inducing partuition in cattle ? A. PGF2A B. Shortacting corticosteroids

Answer 33

Comparing PGF2A, short acting corticosteroids, combination and long acting corticosteroids for inducing partuition in cattle 1. PGF2A - Cloprestonol - calving expected within 24-72 hrs (mean 48hrs) 2. Short acting corticosteroids - calving within 24-72hrs (mean48hrs) - Dexmethasone, Flumethasone - 80-90% efficacy - relaxation of pelvic ligaments, cervical dilation, rapid filling of udder - stages of labour and partuition progress as normal - fewer cases of retained placenta **3. Combination PGF2A and short acting corticosteroid (dexmethasone)** - Cloprestonol and dexmethasone - PGF removes P4 from CL - Dexmethasone reduces P4 from placenta - improved response rate - reduced variability from treatment to calving among cows 4. Long acting corticosteroids followed by a short-acting corticosteroid - Long Dexmethasone trimethyl acetate, short Dexmethasone (12 days later) - this method of induction can be used under dispensation only - welfare calf viability of low concern often premature - dams increased metabolic diseases and reduced milk production.

Question 34

Describe how you could induce an abortion in sheep ?

Answer 34

**Abortion in sheep** (pregnancy 147days) **PGF2A (Cloprestonol, Dinoprost). ** - >5 days to 50 days of gestation - The corpus luteum is unresponsive up to five days of gestation. ** Combination of PGF2A and Dexmethasone ** - should be used >50 days of gestation (when placental production of progesterone becomes significant / highly varied) Reassess for foetal viability and repeat the injection 7 days from the first injection - incomplete responses do occur - assess for signs of mummification / maceration.

Question 35

Describe your method to induce partuition in ewes.

Answer 35

Induction of partuition in ewes In ewes partuition must be induced within one week of the expected lambing date. (to ensure viable lambs) Dexmethasone, or estrodiol Benzoate - can be used to induce partuition after 140 days of gestation. - lambing can be expected 36-48 hrs later

Question 36

Describe how you would induce an abortion in a goat ?

Answer 36

Induction of abortion in a goat PGF2A Dinoprost, Cloprostenol - induction day 4 - end of pregnancy - the Corpus luteum is not responsive to PGF2A upto - 4 days of gestation.

Question 37

Explain the method and timming used to induce partuition in a goat ?

Answer 37

Induction of partuition in a goat It is only safe to induce partuition beyond days 144 of gestation in a goat - to ensure viable kids. PGF2A (Cloprostenol, Dinoprost)

Question 38

Describe the method and timming to induce a abortion or partuition in a pig ?

Answer 38

Pig (gestation 113-117 days) ** Ovine abortion** - PGF2A >12 days - the corpus luteum remains unresponsive until around 12 days of gestation **Ovine partuition** - it is only safe to induce partuition 110 days through gestation, to ensure viable piglets. - PGF2A Dinoprost, Cloprostenol

Question 39

Describe how you could induce partuition in a camelid ?

Answer 39

Camelid PGF2A

Question 40

Identify the medical condition below and outline its treatment ?

Answer 40

Preputial prolapse Conservative management of a preputial prolapse 1. Cold wash with a hose 2. 20 min massage epsom salt and betadine in chronic cases 2. debridement 3. systemic antibiotics penicillin 4. local antibiotic and moisturising solutions 5. surgical correction (purse string) suture if it recurs 6. Sexual rest for 60 days + Preputial sling (to prevent further injuries and oedema). - insert latex tube into penis to allow for urination - place in a sling - exchange bandages every 2-3 days.

Question 41

Describe how you could describe the the presentation of a foetus ?

Answer 41

**How to describe foetus presentation ?** The goal prior to executing delivery is to determine foetal viability and to return the foetus, if possible to a presentation, position and posture that will enable delivery. ** Presentation** - orientation of the spinal axis of the foetus to that of the dam. - cranial or caudal longitudinal - dorsal or ventral transverse presentation **Position** the four quadrants of the dam; sacrum, right ilium, pubis and left ilium - normal dorsalsacral ** Posture** - limbs flexed or extended - head retained, right left above or ventarl

Question 42

Identify the five most common causes of ineffective labour ?

Answer 42

The five most common causes of ineffective labour 1. Incomplete dilation of the cervix 2. uterine inertia 3. uterine rupture 4. constriction of the vulva, vestibule and vagina 5. deformities of the birth canal

Question 43

Out line the possible aetiology and pathology of incomplete dilation of the cervix ?

Answer 43

Incomplete dilation of the cervix (cattle, goats and sheep 'ringworm') Passive softening of the cervix occurs at termunder the influence of oestrogen, relaxin and prostaglandin + active strectching of the cervix. Pathology incomplete dilation. 1. hormonal dysfunction 2. premature partuition (inadequate cervical softening) 3. uncoordinated uterine contractions 4. cervical adhesions / fibrosis 5. frequently associated with uterine torsion 6. premature examination during first stage labour - ensure you wait and observe.

Question 44

Describe your management strategy for incomplete dilation of the cervix ?

Answer 44

Management - incomplete dilation of the cervix - If this occurs as part of premature labour = leave the animal alone for 2+hours and then recheck can result in resolution or partial resolution. Other straegies **Uterine relaxant (Clenbuterol)** - help lower myometrial tone and facilitate cervical dilation. - administer CA, if hypocalcaemia is present (reassess after two hours). ** Partial dilation** - correct uterine torsion or malpresentation - where adequate softening of cervix exists, correct any malpresentation and apply slow steady tractionwith intermittent pauses to knead cervix over the calf (allow time for the cervix to strectch). If the cervix fails completely to dilate or remains thick and firm then a caesarian section is indicated.

Question 45

What are the predisposing factors for constriction of the vulva, vestibule and vagina ?

Answer 45

Constriction of the vulva, vestibule and vagina This occurs where the vulva, vestibule or vagina has not relaxed sufficiently to allow normal passage of the foetus. Predisposing factors - over fat heifers, where calving has been interupted - with calving induction treatments for partuition (calving occurs before adequate softening of the vaginal canal has occured - premature delivery or abortion.

Question 46

Describe how we could treat a case of constriction of the vulva, vestibule and vagina ?

Answer 46

Constriction of the vulva, vestibule and vagina Treatment - copiuos lubrication - application of slow gentle traction - episiotomy - where delivery by traction is considered dangerous consider a episiotomy.

Question 47

What is primary and secondary uterine inertia ?

Answer 47

**Uterine inertia** This occurs when there are inadequate uterine contractions resulting in a failure to expel the foetus. ** Primary uterine inertia:** - greatly enlarged uterus (twins, large foetus), or a prolonged gestation - hypocalcaemia - pregnancy toxaemia - poor body condition at calving - stress disturbance at the time of partuition - premature birth ** Secondary uterine inertia** - secondary to dystocia

Question 48

1. Describe how as a clinician you would recognise uterine inertia ? 2. Desribe a rationale for treating uterine inertia ?

Answer 48

**Uterine inertia **Clinical signs** - flabby uterus - prolonged labour - incomplete dilation of the cervix - sometimes the foetus is not presented at the pelvic canal **Treatment Oxytocin** - correct any malpresentation - oxytocin treatment, which should be repeated every hour for three hours - administer Ca if hypocalcaemic - foetus may be located deep within the uterus which will add to the difficulty of delivery - beaware of increased risk for metritis and RFM (consider antibiotics).

Question 49

Describe treatment for a uterine bleed ?

Answer 49

Uterine bleed ( can result in ineffective labour) Diagnoses - viscera/intestines within the uterus - uterine tear - extrauterine displacement of foetus - haemorrhage Treatment - small tears could be repaired per vaginum - Large tears require a caesarian; foetus delivery and sutured via laparotomy. - suture of tears that extend upto the cervix are difficult as there is no access.

Question 50

Describe treatment for a vaginal tear ?

Answer 50

Vaginal tear (haemorrhage is often copious) Cause - sequale to assisted delivery - chains, detorsion rod, large amount of traction Treatment - apply haemostats to the blood vessel if it can be located. Leave the animal in yards and recover the haemostats a few days later. - If unable to locate vessel pack vagina with drapes/towels - consider blood transfusion - Oxytocin treatment may be necessary in some circumstances.

Question 51

What is the most common cause of dystocia in cattle ?

Answer 51

Relative foetal oversize - foetopelvic disproportion Pelvic size; - primiparous cows - breed, age and weight - nutrition - spontaneous abortion may result in reduced softening of the vaginal canal. Foetal size; - genetics - gestation length - litter size / twins - double muscling - foetal monsters or foetal giantism.

Question 52

Answer 52

Question bulls 1. Persistent frenulum (should be broken down by puberty approximately 12 months of age). 2. Prevents complete extension of the penis, making copulation difficult or impossible 3. This condition may be treated by forced detachment during the BBSE or cull (due to possible heritable component).

Question 53

Answer 53

Question bulls 1. Balanoposthitis 2. Bovine herpes virus (BHV 1.2) 3. This condition can cause bleeding and pain during intromission making copulation difficult. + it is asexually transmitted disease

Question 54

Answer 54

Question bulls A. Prolapsed prepuce B. Outline the ten steps of conservative management. 1. cold hosing wash 2. debridement 3. 20min massage with lanolin oil 4. 20 min cold message with epsom salts and betadine to reduce inflammation 3. systemic antibiotic / penicillin 4. topical antibiotic and moisturising solutions 6. sexual rest 60 days minimum 7. insert latex tube into the urethra to allow the animal to urinate (bnadgae in place) 8. Apply a preputial sling to prevent further trauma and oedema occuring 9. bandages must be changed regularly every 2-3 days 10. Once the prolapse can be manually reduced, place a purse string suture at the preputial orifice to retain in place (prevents recurrance).

Question 55

Answer 55

Question bulls 1. penile haematoma, cellulitis, abscess or possible a ruptured urethra (water belly) 2. penile hematoma 3. Three complications - increased pressure at site of hematoma (pre putial prolapse) - potential damage to the dorsal nerve of the penis (desensitization of the glans penis). - formation of vascular shunts (potential to prevent erection) - formation of adhesions - abscessation

Question 56

Answer 56

Pyo-semen 1. Brucella, Truperella or Actinobacillus Potential seminal vesiculitis, Orchitis, Epididymitis 2. eosin nigrosin stain of semen sample or sticky smear 3. Ceftiofur, Penicillin