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bowel elimination evolve Flashcards

1
Q

Elimination of solid waste products is a normal function of the body and critical to maintaining

A

nutritional status, hydration, and fluid and electrolyte balance

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2
Q

bowel elimination may be disrupted by

A

food and fluid intake
various illnesses and diseases
trauma and surgery
medications
immobility
psychological issues

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3
Q

The GI system is a series of

A

muscular organs

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4
Q

The esophagus is

A

collapsible tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach

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5
Q

primary function of the esophagus

A

transport solids and liquids from the mouth, where digestion begins, into the stomach

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6
Q

The stomach is located at

A

left upper quadrant of the abdomen

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7
Q

The function of the stomach is

A

mix food with digestive juices, causing the chemical and mechanical breakdown of food into chyme before entering the small intestine

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8
Q

Chyme is

A

thick fluid mass of partially digested food and gastric secretions that is passed from the stomach to the small intestine

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9
Q

The stomach produces and secretes

A

hydrochloric acid, pepsin, intrinsic factor, and mucus

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10
Q

hydrochloric acid cause

A

breakdown of the food structures and helps kill harmful bacteria ingested with the foods

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11
Q

Pepsin acts to

A

degrade protein

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12
Q

Intrinsic factor is needed for

A

the intestines to efficiently absorb vitamin B12

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13
Q

Mucus protects

A

stomach lining from damage by gastric acid and enzyme activity

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14
Q

The small intestine has _________ _________ _______ functions

A

digestive and absorptive functions

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15
Q

The small intestine contain three segments which are

A

duodenum

jejunum

ileum

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16
Q

The duodenum has

A

two secretory functions

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17
Q

duodenum first secretory function

A

hormones are secreted that trigger the pancreas to release pancreatic juice and bile

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18
Q

duodenum secound secretory function

A

protects the intestine by secreting chemicals that neutralize the acidity of the chyme from the stomach before it reaches the jejunum

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19
Q

The mid-region of the small intestine is

A

jejunum

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20
Q

jejunum, controls

A

carbohydrate and protein absorption

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21
Q

The ileum is responsible for

A

absorption of fats, bile salts, and water

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22
Q

Contents that remain undigested after passing through the small intestine empty into

A

the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen

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23
Q

The large intestine is

A

the primary organ of bowel elimination

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24
Q

The large intestine is composed of

A

cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus

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25
Q

the large intestine is located on

A

periphery of the abdominal compartment and surrounds the small intestine and other structures

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26
Q

Peristalsis is

A

the mechanism of progressive contraction and relaxation of the walls of the intestine

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27
Q

Peristalsis function

A

forces chyme into the large intestine

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28
Q

The colon is made up of

A

muscular tissue

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29
Q

The colon expand and contract to

A

accommodate and eliminate varying amounts of waste and gas (flatus)

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30
Q

The functions of the colon are

A

absorption, secretion, and elimination

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31
Q

Water is absorbed from

A

indigestible food residue

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32
Q

Nutrients and electrolytes, especially sodium and chloride, are absorbed from

A

digested food that has passed from the small intestine

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33
Q

The rectum has folds of tissue that

A

temporarily hold fecal contents

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34
Q

straining of the rectum folds causes

A

formation of hemorrhoids

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35
Q

Hemorrhoids are

A

swollen and inflamed veins in the anus or lower rectum

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36
Q

anal canal help control

A

bowel continence

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37
Q

Defecation is

A

the final act of digestion

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38
Q

in Defecation

A

solid, semisolid, or liquid waste is expelled by the body is the process of defecation (restroom)

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39
Q

the nerves in the rectum are stimulated so

A

the person becomes aware of the need (urge) to defecate

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40
Q

The characteristics of feces vary depending on

A

diet, illness, medications, and age

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41
Q

Diarrhea is

A

an intestinal disorder that is characterized by an abnormal frequency and fluidity of bowel movements

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42
Q

characteristics of diarrhea

A

Hyperactive bowel sounds, urgency, abdominal pain, and cramping

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43
Q

Diarrhea is associated with

A

disorders that affect digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract

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44
Q

Diarrhea is when

A

Ingested materials pass too quickly through the intestine resulting i decreased time to absorb fluids and nutrients

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45
Q

diarrhea causes

A

allergies or intolerance to food, fluids, or drugs; antibiotic use; cathartic or laxative use; communicable foodborne pathogens; diseases of the colon; diagnostic testing of the lower GI tract; enteral nutrition usage; medications; psychological stress; surgery of the GI tract; and Clostridioides difficile

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46
Q

C. difficile

A

bacterium that causes diarrhea

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47
Q

why is c diff dangerous

A

can lead to life-threatening inflammation of the colon

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48
Q

c diff is transmitted by

A

contact

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49
Q

C. diff symptoms

A

foul-smelling, watery diarrhea three or more times a day for 2 or more days, accompanied by mild abdominal cramping and tenderness

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50
Q

Prolonged diarrhea may lead to

A

nutritional and metabolic disturbances, with resultant fatigue, weakness, malaise, and loss of a substantial amount of fat and muscle tissue

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51
Q

Serious fluid and electrolyte losses can cause

A

nausea, vomiting, headache, confusion, fatigue, restlessness, and muscle weakness and spasms

and risk for skin breakdown

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52
Q

Incontinence refers to

A

loss of voluntary control of fecal and gaseous discharges through the anus.

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53
Q

adults older than 65 years of age are more likely to have

A

constipation

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54
Q

Constipation is a complication of

A

pregnancy and occurs after surgery

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55
Q

Constipation is defined as

A

having infrequent or difficult bowel movements as well as having fewer than three bowel movements per week

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56
Q

patients with constipation may experince

A

e abdominal cramping, pain, pressure, distention, anorexia, and headache.

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57
Q

Causes of constipation

A

Irregular bowel habits, ignoring the urge to defecate, a diet low in fiber or high in animal fats, hemorrhoids, and low fluid intake

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58
Q

block nerve impulses to colon causes

A

change in bowel patterns

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59
Q

conditions that slow GI motility or increase water absorption

A

hypothyroidism, hypercalcemia, or hypokalemia

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60
Q

anxiety depression and congnitive impairment causes

A

change in bowel patterns

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61
Q

prologed periods of rest/ no exercise causes

A

slow GI motility

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62
Q

what medication slow colonic action

A

anticholinergics,
antispasmodics
anticonvulsants,
antidepressants,
antihistamines,
antihypertensives,
antiparkinsonian agents,
bile acid sequestrants
diuretics, antacids,
iron supplements,
calcium supplements,
opioids

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63
Q

laxative misuse causes

A

rebound constipation

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64
Q

Older adults may experience slowed peristalsis related to

A

loss of muscle elasticity
reduced intestinal mucous secretion
low-fiber diet

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65
Q

hemorrhoids cause

A

retention of fecal material and constipation

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66
Q

Straining during defecation can

A

induce elevations in intraocular pressure

increased intracranial pressure

changes in cardiac rhythm

hemorrhoids

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67
Q

Valsalva maneuver consists of

A

bearing down” while holding the breath

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68
Q

Valsalva maneuver causes

A

rise in blood pressure
fall in arterial blood pressure

Dizziness, blurred vision, and fainting can result

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69
Q

Impaction refers to

A

presence of a hard fecal mass in the rectum or colon that the patient is incapable of expelling

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70
Q

Impaction is the result of

A

unresolved constipation

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71
Q

Impaction is seen most often in which type of patients

A

debilitated, confused, or unconscious patients

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72
Q

The cardinal sign of impaction is

A

continuous oozing of liquid stool, with no normal stool

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73
Q

impaction causes patient to have

A

Loss of appetite
nausea
vomiting
distention
cramping
rectal pain

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74
Q

Barium used in radiologic examinations contributes to

A

risk for impaction

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75
Q

patient receiving barium for diagnosis or treatment is encouraged to

A

increase fluids or give laxatives or enemas to ensure the removal of the barium.

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76
Q

how to check for impaction

A

digital examination and palpation of the mass

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77
Q

can nurses check for impaction

A

yes

78
Q

Flatulence is

A

production of a mixture of gases in the intestine, by-products of the digestive process

79
Q

flatulence mixture is know as

A

flatus

80
Q

Severe flatulence often is associated with

A

abdominal distention and severe sharp pain.

81
Q

Flatulence results from

A

Action of bacteria in chyme passing through the large intestine

swallowed air and gases that diffuse between the bloodstream and the intestine

foods such as cabbage and onions

abdominal surgery, and narcotics

82
Q

walking and rocking may help

A

relieve pain and promote movement of the gases through the intestines

83
Q

ostomy is

A

surgically created opening in a GI, urinary, or respiratory organ that is exited onto the skin

84
Q

stoma is

A

body opening but usually refers to the actual exit point for a GI surgical ostomy, which forms a slight protuberance of mucosa through the skin

85
Q

normal stoma charistirctics

A

dark pink to red

warm and moist

86
Q

Bowel ostomies are classified as

A

temporary or permanent and by their anatomic location and technique of stoma construction

87
Q

who needs bowel diversions

A

patients with conditions that prevent normal passage of feces from the rectum

88
Q

colostomy is surgically created when

A

portion of the colon (large intestine) or the rectum is removed

89
Q

temporary colostomy is used to

A

allow the lower portion of the colon to rest or heal

90
Q

Permanent colostomies are placed when

A

colorectal cancer

the lower digestive tract is removed due to illness or disease

91
Q

Single stomas are created when

A

one end of the bowel is brought out through an opening onto the anterior abdominal wall

92
Q

transverse colostomy is created in ______ resulting in?

A

transverse colon/ one or two openings

93
Q

with transverse colostomy appliances

A

are in place at all times

94
Q

Ascending colostomies in

A

right side of the abdomen

95
Q

loop colostomy is a

A

temporary colostomy created in a surgical emergency

right abdomen

96
Q

ileostomy is

A

surgically created opening in the small intestine

97
Q

Ileostomies may be

A

temporary or permanent

98
Q

patients with ileostomies have to

A

wear an appliance continuously and take special precautions to prevent skin breakdown

99
Q

ingestion of _______ ______ diet improves likelihood of normal elimination pattern

A

high-fiber

100
Q

which type of fiber help keep stool soft

A

whole grains, fresh fruits, and vegetables

101
Q

recommended amount of daily faiber

A

20 to 35 g

102
Q

what foods increase colon motility

A

onions, cauliflower, and beans

103
Q

Food intolerance causes

A

digestive upset
watery stools
diarrhea
cramps
flatulence

104
Q

Spicy foods produce

A

diarrhea and flatus in some people

105
Q

what are constipation foods

A

Cheese, pasta, eggs, and lean meats

106
Q

what foods have laxative effect

A

Bran, prunes, figs, chocolate, and alcohol

107
Q

Emotional stress affects on digestive process

A

accelerates the digestive process, and peristalsis is increased

108
Q

Diseases associated with stress include

A

colitis
Crohn’s disease
ulcers
irritable bowel syndrome

109
Q

Patients with depression may have

A

slowed peristalsis, resulting in constipation

110
Q

sounds, sights, and odors associated with use of bedpans and bedside commodes, or of shared toilet facilities contribute to

A

constipation

111
Q

ignoring the urge to defecate causes

A

constipation and impaction to occur

112
Q

what is the best posture to defecate

A

squatting

113
Q

Hemorrhoids, rectal surgery, fistulas, and abdominal surgery will cause

A

patients to suppress the urge to defecate to avoid pain

114
Q

Pregnancy causes

A

Straining during defecation or the delivery process can result in hemorrhoid formation

115
Q

Prenatal vitamins high in iron increase the risk for

A

constipation

116
Q

stoppage of peristalsis is called

A

paralytic ileus

117
Q

paralytic ileus occurs during

A

surgery due to the anesthesia

118
Q

laxative effect on defecation

A

ease defecation

119
Q

Types of laxatives include

A

bulk-forming agents, osmotics, salines, stimulants, and stool softeners

120
Q

Cathartics are

A

strong laxatives that stimulate evacuation of the bowel by causing a change in GI transit time

121
Q

antibiotics causes

A

diarrhea

122
Q

Anticholinergic effect?

A

depress GI motility

123
Q

Opioid analgesics effect?

A

depress GI motility

124
Q

Histamine antagonists does what

A

supress secretion of hydrochloric acid

125
Q

Calcium supplements and opioids effect

A

slow colonic action

126
Q

Iron salts causes

A

constipation

127
Q

nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) causes

A

red or black stools depending on where the bleeding is occurring

128
Q

why does diagnostic tests effect eleminations

A

patient may be placed on a restricted diet or given cleansing enemas

129
Q

assessment of the GI system include

A

health history

physical assessment of the abdomen

inspection of the feces

focused diet history

chewing difficulties, medications, illnesses, and food intolerance.

130
Q

Family history is evaluated for

A

GI cancer, Crohn’s disease, and other GI disturbances with familial links.

131
Q

inspect the patient’s mouth, teeth, tongue, and gums for

A

sores, dentition, and moisture

132
Q

Poor dentition, mucosal dryness, and mouth sores can cause

A

pain or make swallowing difficult

133
Q

inspecting abdomen include

A

contour (shape)

symmetry

bulging, masses, or pulsations

movement

scars, stomas, and lesions

134
Q

auscultation begins in

A

right lower quadrant and proceeds through each of the remaining quadrants

135
Q

Normal bowel sounds are

A

irregular, high-pitched, and gurgling and occur every 5 to 15 seconds

136
Q

Hyperactive bowel sounds tend to be

A

loud, high-pitched, and rushing

137
Q

Hypoactive bowel sounds are

A

slow and sluggish, with occurrence of fewer than five sounds per minute

138
Q

Absence of sounds of bowel indicaties

A

obstruction or paralytic ileus

139
Q

Palpation determines

A

organ size, organ placement, masses, pain, and presence of fluid

140
Q

painful area are palpated

A

last

141
Q

The abdomen should be

A

soft, smooth in contour, and pain-free.

142
Q

Laboratory testing can help determine

A

presence of bleeding, inflammation, or infection

143
Q

stool culture is used along with other tests to detect

A

parasites in the stool and help determine the cause of diarrhea

144
Q

Stool cultures are ordered if

A

patient complains of diarrhea for several days or when blood or mucus is noted in loose stools

145
Q

stool sensitivity testing report may identify

A

causative agent, with appropriate treatment suggestions.

146
Q

fecal occult blood test Tests for

A

presence of blood in the feces

147
Q

melena is

A

microscopic (occult blood) or may be easily seen as red blood or black, tar-like stools

148
Q

growths or polyps in the? causes blood to be present

A

colon

hemorrhoids

anal fissures

intestinal infections

ulcerative colitis

Crohn’s disease

diverticular disease

peptic ulcers

abnormalities of the blood vessels

149
Q

positive FOBT indicates

A

that blood has been found in the stool

150
Q

The FOBT requires

A

collection of three small stool samples taken 1 day apart

special diet

151
Q

Foods that affect FOBT are

A

broccoli, cantaloupe, carrots, cauliflower, cucumbers, fish, grapefruit, horseradish, mushrooms, poultry, radishes, red meat, turnips, and vitamin C–enriched foods and beverages

152
Q

upper GI series (barium swallow) is

A

radiologic study that defines the anatomy of the upper digestive tract to visualize the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum

153
Q

Upper Gastrointestinal Series find diseases and conditions such as

A

ulcers, tumors, hiatal hernias, scarring, blockages, and abnormalities of the GI tissues

154
Q

upper GI study risk

A

radiation exposure

155
Q

before upper gi study you should

A

stop eating and drinking 4 to 8 hours before test

156
Q

before upper gi study you have to drink

A

liquid that contains barium

157
Q

barium may cause

A

constipation and cause the stool to turn gray or white for a few days after the procedure.

158
Q

esophagoscopy is

A

endoscopic procedure to view the inside of the esophagus

159
Q

gastroscopy is

A

a procedure to view the inside of the stomach

160
Q

duodenoscopy is

A

procedure to view the inside of the duodenum

161
Q

esophagoscopy, gastroscopy, duodenoscopy are referred to as

A

esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD).

162
Q

esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
is when

A

fiberoptic endoscope, a flexible instrument with a small camera on the end, is passed through the mouth, down the throat, and into the stomach

163
Q

esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
assists in the diagnosis or clarification of

A

abnormalities that may have been seen on an x-ray image

164
Q

Upper endoscopies are prescribed for patients with

A

swallowing difficulties, vomiting, bleeding, gastric reflux, abdominal pain, or chest pain

165
Q

with endoscopies the patient has to stop___ and ____ _ hours before procedure

A

eating and drinking

8 hours

166
Q

with endosopies the patient recives medications that causes

A

drowsiness, relaxation, amnesia, and possibly light-headedness

167
Q

after endoscopy patient cannot drive for

A

12 hours after the procedure

168
Q

Colonoscopy is a procedure performed to visualize

A

inflamed tissue, ulcers, and abnormal growths

169
Q

Colonoscopy visualize problems in

A

anus, rectum, and colon

170
Q

Colonoscopy is mainly used to identify

A

colorectal cancer and diagnose unexplained changes in bowel habits, abdominal pain, bleeding from the anus, and weight loss

171
Q

with Colonoscopy patient is put on _____ diet for how long?

A

clear liquid diet for 1 to 3 days

172
Q

before colonoscopy in several hours patient are classified as

A

NPO

173
Q

Bowel Incontinence symptoms

A

Sphincter dysfunction, constant dribbling of soft and liquid feces, inability to recognize the urge to defecate, fecal staining of underclothing

174
Q

plan of care to reestablish normal bowel

A
  • Patient will defecate formed stools within 48 hours after colonoscopy.
  • Patient will pass soft stools daily during rehabilitation.
  • Patient’s episodes of bowel incontinence will decrease within 48 hours after starting a bowel training program.
175
Q

ongoing use of laxatives is associated with

A

constipation and impaction
predisposition to colorectal cancer
dependency
electrolyte imbalance

176
Q

warm liquid help

A

stimulate peristalsis and aid in defecation

177
Q

The FOBT is recommended yearly after age

A

45

178
Q

Sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy test for

A

colorectal polyps and early signs of cancer

179
Q

The bedside commode is used most often with

A

adult patients who can get out of bed but have difficulty with ambulation

180
Q

Early Ambulation stimulates ________ and help_____ _____

A

peristalsis, maintain function

181
Q

rectal suppository is

A

drug delivery system that is inserted into the rectum, where it dissolves for medication absorption through the rectal mucosa

182
Q

Types of Enemas

A

Cleansing enemas

Hypertonic

Isotonic

Oil retention enemas

Medication enemas

Carminative enemas

Return-flow enemas

183
Q

Cleansing, hypertonic, isotonic enma uses

A

Empty the bowel and remove feces through instillation of fluid.

Primary action: Peristalsis stimulation.

184
Q

Oil retention enemas uses

A

Lubricate the rectum and colon.

185
Q

Medication enemas uses

A

Antibiotic or anthelmintic enemas used to treat local infections such as bacteria, worms, and parasites are types of retention enemas.

186
Q

Carminative enemas uses

A

Provide relief from gastric distention by stimulating peristalsis to improve passage of flatus.

187
Q

Return-flow enemas uses

A

Provide relief from gastric distention by stimulating peristalsis to improve passage of flatus.

188
Q

enema is

A

introduction of solutions into the rectum and sigmoid colon via the anus

189
Q

Nasogastric (NG) intubation is necessary when the patient needs

A

decompression of the GI tract, administration of medication or enteral feedings, compression of internal hemorrhage, or gastric lavage

190
Q

Ostomy appliances are used to

A

protect skin, collect drainage, and control odor

191
Q
A

exam4 (6 decks)

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