bowel elimination power point Flashcards
1
Q
the gastrointestinal system is respospible for
A
digestion and absorptiotion of nutrients and fluids
2
Q
esophagus is
A
a collapsible tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach
3
Q
primary function
primary function of esophagus
A
transport solids and liquids from the mouth to the stomach
4
Q
chyme is
A
thick fluid mass pf [artially digested food and gastric secretions that is carried into the small intestine
5
Q
the stomach produces an secrets __ _ __ _
A
hydrolchloric acid
pepsin
intronsic factor
mucus
6
Q
hydrolichacid main function
A
helps kill harmful bactirea
7
Q
pepsin main funcion
A
degrade protien
8
Q
intrensic factor is, what is it needed for
A
protien produced by cells in the stomach lining, needed to efficently absorb vitamin B12
9
Q
mucous role in GI
A
protect the stomach lining
10
Q
small intestine 3 segments
A
dudenum
jujenum
illeum
11
Q
the dudoneum main function
A
secrete hormons whic trigger pancreas to relase pancreatic juice an bile
protects the intestine by secreting chemicals that nutrelize the acidity of the chyme
12
Q
how long is small intestine
A
18-21 ft
13
Q
how long is large intestine
A
5.5 ft
14
Q
the large intstine is composide of
A
cecum
ascending colon
transverse colon
decending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
anus
15
Q
peristalsis is
A
the progressive contraction and relaxation of the walls of the intestine
16
Q
functions of the colon
A
absorption secretions and elemination
17
Q
diarrhea is a alteration in ______ function causes
A
colonic function, causes serious electrolytes imbalances
18
Q
water is absorbed from
A
indigestible food rsidue
19
Q
nutrients and electrolytes are absorbed from
A
digested food that has passed from small intestine
20
Q
waste from the body is eliminated though
A
the formation of feces and expelled from the by way of the rectum and anus
21
Q
the rectun is
A
final portion of large intestine
22
Q
the rectum has_____ that remporarlily hold ____ _____
A
folds
fecal contents
23
Q
each fold in rectum has a ____and a _____ that can be ______ from presure during ______
A
artery and a vein
distended from pressure
straining
24
Q
hemorrhoids are
A
swollen and inflamed beins in the anus or lower rectum
25
the funal act of digestion is called
defecation
26
frequency and amount of defecation is the same for everyone
wrong it differs from person to peron
27
when doy you get the urge to defecat
when peritaltic waves move the waste into rectum the nerves in rectum are stimulated and the urge to deficate coms
28
charasteristics of feces depends on
diet illness medication and age
29
hospitalized patients are at risk for alterations for bowel eleminations due to
psychological issues
surgical alterations, or disease processes
change in diet
medications
mobility issues
30
psychological issues that affect bowel
anxity depression stress or eating disorders
31
diahrrhea is charactrerized by
hyper active bowel sounds
urgency
abdominal pain
cramping
32
diarrhea is associated with disorders that affect
digestion absoption and secretion
33
pathological conditions and other factors that cause diahrea
allergies
intolerance to food fluids or drugs
antibiotic use
cathartic or laxative use
foodborne pathogens
disreas of the colon
diagnotic testing of the lower gi tract
entral nutrition usage
medocations
psychological stress
surgey of gi tract
and C diff
34
C diff is a
actirum that causes diarrhea
35
C diff is transmitted by
contact
36
clinical symptoms of C diff
fould smelling
watery
diarrhea three or motetimes a day for two days
mild abdominal cramping and tenderness
37
prolonged diarrhea could lead to
nutritional and metabolic disturances
resultant fatigue
weakness
malaise (very tired)
and loss of a substantial amount of fat and muscle tissue
38
prolonged diarrhea symptoms
irritation of the anal region, increasing the risk for skin breakdown
39
Incontinence is
the loss of voluntary control of fecal and gaseous discharges through the anus
40
Incontinence risks
skin breakdown
may suffer from social isolation related to embarrassment
41
Constipation is a complication of
pregnancy and occurs after surgery.
42
constipation is a common problem for
Women
43
aults older than __ are more likley to have constipation
65
44
Constipation is
having infrequent or difficult bowel movements
45
having fewer than _ bowel movements a week is constipation
3
46
Slowed intestinal peristalsis and infrequent bowel movements result in
increased water absorption in the colon, leading to difficulty passing stool
excessive straining at defecation
the inability to defecate at will
hard feces
rectal pain
47
Constipation signs
abdominal cramping
pain
pressure
distention
anorexia
headache
48
what diet is best for constipation
high fiber with low animal fat
49
CONSTIPATION CAUSES
Irregular bowel habits
ignoring the urge to defecate
a diet low in fiber or high in animal fats
Hemorrhoids
low fluid intake
conditions that block nerve impulses to the colon, including spinal cord injury and tumor, may have changes in bowel patterns
Metabolic conditions such as hypothyroidism, hypercalcemia, or hypokalemia slow GI motility or increase water absorption
50
OTHER CAUSES OF CONSTIPATION
Psychiatric issues, including anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairment, may lead to changes in bowel habits or decreased recognition of defecation urge.
Prolonged periods of bed rest or lack of regular exercise will slow GI motility.
Medications
Laxative misuse is associated with rebound constipation
Older adults may experience slowed peristalsis related to the loss of muscle elasticity, reduced intestinal mucous secretion
51
CONSTIPATION RISK
Straining
elevations in intraocular pressure
increased intracranial pressure
changes in cardiac rhythms
hemorrhoids
52
Valsalva maneuver causes
extremely rapid rise in blood pressure
fall in arterial blood pressure
dizziness
blurred vision
fainting
53
IMPACTION is
the presence of a hard fecal mass in the rectum or colon that the patient is incapable of expelling
54
Impaction is the result of
unresolved constipation
55
Impaction is seen most often in
debilitated, confused, or unconscious patients.
56
The cardinal sign of impaction is
continuous oozing of liquid stool with no normal stool
57
impaction signs
loss of appetite
nausea
vomiting
abdominal distention
cramping
rectal pain
58
Diagnosis of impaction is by
digital examination and palpation of fecal mass
59
Patients receiving barium for diagnosis is encouraged to
increase fluids or is given laxatives or enemas to ensure removal of the barium.
60
Flatulence is
mixture of gases in the intestine, by-products of the digestive process
61
flatus is expelled from
mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
62
Severe flatulence often is associated with
abdominal distention and severe sharp pain.
63
what activity promote movement of gases through the intestines
walking and rocking
64
A colostomy is surgically created when
portion of the colon (large intestine) or the rectum is removed and the remaining colon is brought through the abdominal wall at skin level to allow passage of stool waste.
65
A temporary colostomy is used to
allow the lower portion of the colon to rest or hea
66
Permanent colostomies are placed when
Permanent colostomies are placed when surgical resection of diseased tissue leads to loss of part of the colon. They are created as a treatment for colorectal cancer or after the lower digestive tract is removed due to illness or disease.
67
in ILEOSTOMY the small intestine
The small intestine is brought through the abdominal wall to form a stoma at skin level to allow passage of waste.
68
stools from ileostomy cannot
be regulated
69
patients with ileostomies have to
wear an appliance continuously and take special precautions to prevent skin breakdown.
70
what to monitor in patients with ileostomy
Fluid and electrolyte balance
71
Food intolerance results in
digestive upset and, in some instances, the passage of watery stools, diarrhea, cramps, or flatulence.
72
gas-producing foods
onions, and beans
73
gas producting foods cause
intestinal walls can become distended, increasing colon motility.
74
poor fluid intake causes
constipation
75
Regular physical activity promotes
peristalsis and facilitates movement of chyme through the colon.
76
stress accelerates
the digestive process, and peristalsis is increased.
77
stress also causes
Diarrhea, nausea, and gaseous distention
78
Diseases associated with stress
colitis
Crohn’s disease
ulcers
irritable bowel syndrome
79
Patients with depression may have
lowed peristalsis, resulting in constipation.
80
The normal posture during defecation is
squatting
81
Narcotics (pain medications) also contribute to
constipation
82
Antibiotics contribute to
diarrhea
83
Anticholinergic drugs and opioids causes
depress GI motility
84
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) cause
red or black stools depending on where the bleeding is occurring.
85
Antacids cause
whitish discoloration or white specks.
86
Iron salts causes
constipation
black stool
87
Bowel assessment
inspection
auscultation
palpation
stool cultures
fecal occult blood test
88
Stool cultures are used to detect
parasites in the stool and help determine the cause of diarrhea
89
Stool cultures are ordered if
the patient complains of diarrhea for several days or when blood or mucus is noted in loose stools.
90
fecal occult blood test tests for
blood in the feces
91
Blood may be present in the stool in association with
benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous) growths or polyps in the colon
hemorrhoids
anal fissures
intestinal infections
ulcerative colitis
Crohn’s disease
diverticular disease
peptic ulcers
abnormalities of the blood vessels in the large intestine.
92
upper GI series (barium swallow) is
radiologic study that defines the anatomy of the upper digestive tract to visualize the
esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
93
upper gi series is used to check for conditions such as
ulcers
tumors
hiatal hernias
scarring
blockages
abnormalities of the GI tissues.
94
An upper GI study involves some risk from
radiation exposure
95
to avoid costipation after upper gi series you should
drink plenty of water
96
The lower GI series, aka; barium enema, consists of
x-ray imaging of the rectum, colon, and lower portion of the small intestine
97
lower GI series assist in diagnosis of
abnormal growths, ulcers, polyps, diverticula, and colon cancer
98
lower GI series perparation
liquid diet for the 2 prior days, clear liquids only for 24 hours, and then a laxative or enema just before the procedure.
99
Colonoscopy is
procedure performed to visualize inflamed tissue, ulcers, and abnormal growths in the anus, rectum, and colon
100
Colonoscopy is used to identify
early signs of colorectal cancer and diagnose unexplained changes in bowel habits,
abdominal pain
bleeding from the anus
weight loss
101
colonoscopy preparations
NPO (nothing by mouth) status for several hours before the procedure.
102
colonoscopy is done using
a small camera
103
Sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy are
screening tests for colorectal polyps and early signs of cancer
104
Sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy are recomended at age __ or if patient has
45, family history of colorectal cancer, a personal history of inflammatory bowel disease, or other risk factors.
105
