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brain Flashcards

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1
Q

brain and spinal cord

A

CNS

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2
Q

nerves outside of CNS

A

PNS

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3
Q

sensory input, integration, motor output

A

functions of CNS and PNS

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4
Q

largest part, responsible for thinking, memory, voluntary movement

A

cerebrum

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5
Q

decision making, voluntary movement, speech (brocas area)

A

frontal lobe

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6
Q

sensory processing (touch, temperature, pain)

A

parietal lobe

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7
Q

hearing, language comprehension (wernickes area), memory

A

temporal lobe

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8
Q

vision processing, object recognition, light/color movement, combining vision with other sense

A

occipital lobe

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9
Q

coordination, balance, motor control, “little brain”

A

cerebellum

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10
Q

located in center of brain, 3 parts, balance, posture, movement, motor control

A

diencephalon

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11
Q

sensory relay station (processes and transmits sensory information (except smell) to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex for interpretation)

A

thalamus

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12
Q

homeostasis, hormones, hunger, temperature regulation

A

hypothalamus

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13
Q

pineal gland (via melatonin production), sleep-wake cycle,

A

epithalamus

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14
Q

connects brain to spinal cord

A

brain stem

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15
Q

reflexes (visual and auditory)

A

midbrain

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16
Q

relay signals, helps with breathing

A

pons

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17
Q

heart rate, breathing, reflexes (coughing, sneezing)

A

medulla oblongata

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18
Q

carries messages between brain and body

A

spinal cord

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19
Q

cervical, lumbar, thoracic, sacral, coccygeal

A

regions of spinal cord

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20
Q

somatic and autonomic nervous system

A

PNS

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21
Q

voluntary control of muscle

A

somatic nervous system

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22
Q

involuntary control (organs, glands)

A

autonomic nervous system

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23
Q

“fight or flight”, increases heart rate, dilates pupils

A

sympathetic division

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24
Q

“rest and digest”, slows heart rate, stimulates digestion

A

parasympathetic division

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25
receive signals/input
dendrites
26
contains nucleus and organelles
cell body
27
sends signals away
axon
28
insulates axon for faster signal transmission
myelin sheath
29
gap between neurons
synapse
30
detects stimulus
receptor
31
carries impulse to CNS
sensory neuron
32
sends command to muscle/gland
motor neuron
33
responds, muscle contraction
effector
34
responds, muscle contraction
effector
35
• Higher-order thinking: Problem-solving, decision-making, reasoning • Personality & behavior: Impulse control, emotions, and social behavior • Voluntary movement: Controls skeletal muscles (Primary Motor Cortex) • Speech production: Broca’s Area (left hemisphere) – speech formation • Executive functions: Planning, organizing, self-regulation
frontal lobe
36
Somatosensory processing: Touch, pain, temperature, pressure (Primary Somatosensory Cortex) • Spatial awareness: Understanding body position in space • Mathematical and language skills • Proprioception: Coordination of body movements
parietal lobe
37
• Hearing & auditory processing: Primary Auditory Cortex • Language comprehension: Wernicke’s Area (left hemisphere) – understanding speech • Memory formation: Hippocampus (deep in the temporal lobe) • Emotions: Processes emotions through connections with the limbic system • Recognition of faces and objects
temporal lobe
38
• Visual processing: Primary Visual Cortex (interprets images from the eyes) • Color, depth, motion perception • Object recognition
occipital lobe
39
• Connects left and right hemispheres • Allows both sides of the brain to share information
corpus callosum
40
Controls voluntary muscle movements
Primary Motor Cortex
41
Plans and coordinates movement
Premotor Cortex
42
• Decision-making, problem-solving, impulse control • thinking/ individuality
Prefrontal Cortex
43
Speech production, vocal output, motor speech
Broca’s Area (Left Hemisphere)
44
Processes touch, pain, temperature, TOUCH
Primary Somatosensory Cortex (Postcentral Gyrus)
45
Interprets sensory information/ TOUCH
sensory Association area
46
smell
olfactory cortex
47
hearing
Auditory area
48
Language comprehension, meaning/understanding, sensory speech, as it comes out
Wernicke’s Area (Left Hemisphere)
49
converting short term memeory to more permanent memory, important for learning/recalling spatial relationships
Hippocampus
50
Processes emotions like fear and aggression
Amygdala
51
see
Visual Cortex
52
storage of cerebrospinal fluid
ventricles
53
• Protective connective tissue membranes • protects blood vessels circulates CSF • surround and partition portions of the brain.
meninges
54
• Least permeable capillaries of the body, prevents entry of harmful materials from the bloodstream. • Nervous tissue is protected from the general circulation by the blood-brain barrier. • Strictly regulates what substances can enter the interstitial fluid of the brain. • Prevents exposure of neurons in the brain to drugs, waste products in the blood, and variations in levels of normal substances (ions, hormones) that could adversely affect brain function. • Tight junctions prevent materials from diffusing across the capillary wall. • Astrocytes act as "gatekeepers" that permit materials to pass to the neurons after leaving the capillaries. • Is reduced or missing in three distinct locations in the CNS: the choroid plexus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland. • Useless as a barrier against some substances • Fats and fat soluble molecules, Respiratory gasses, Alcohol, Nicotine, Anesthesia
Blood Brain Barrier
55
area where optic nerves never cross hemispheres
optic chiasm
56
• Allows us to shift between thoughts smoothly • Interprets pain/anger • Motivational behavior to output - learning
Cingulate Gyrus
57
releases hormones, regulating growth, metabolism/ reproduction
pituitary gland
58
vision, hearing, motor control
mid brain
59
relays signals between brain and spinal cord
pons
60
regulates breathing, heart rate, reflexes
medulla oblongata
61
regulates sleep/ melatonin production
pineal gland
62
connects left/ right hemisphere
corpus callosum
63
higher thinking/ actions
cerebrum
64
sensory information, thinking, voluntary movement
cerebral cortex
65
protects brain and spinal cord
meninges
66
protects brain and spinal cord
meninges
67
recognition memory, adds smell to memory
mammillary body
68
pain, regulates aggression
cingulate gyrus
69
carries signals from the hippocampus to the hypothalamus
fornix
70
• small but vital structure located below the thalamus • regulates essential bodily functions like hunger, thirst, temperature control, sleep, and hormone release by communicating with the pituitary glan
Hypothalamus
71
• part of the limbic system • is primarily responsible for memory formation, learning, and spatial navigation. It helps process and store new information.
hippocampus
72
secretes nine hormones, regulates homeostasis
pituitary gland
73
long fiber that carries the nerve impulse away from cell body
axon
74
an enlarge region where an axon attaches to the cell body
axon hillock
75
neurotransmitters are manufactured in cell body but released then stimulate other neurons
synaptic terminal
76
The junction between the synaptic terminal and another cell. The other cell is called a postsynaptic cell.
synapse
77
Clusters of neuron cell bodies
ganglia
78
outer layer in the cerebral cortex composed mostly of neuron cell bodies
gray matter
79
inner layer, fiber tracts deep to the gray matter, myelinated neurons, modulates distribution of action potentials
white matter

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