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unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

maintains stable internal conditions despite external changes

A

Homeostasis

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2
Q

regulates homeostasis

A

Feedback loops

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3
Q

counteracts changes to keep conditions stable (ex: body temperature regulation and control of blood glucose)

A

Negative feedback

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4
Q

amplifies changes for processes that need a strong, rapid response (ex: The release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland during labor)

A

Positive feedback

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5
Q

• they provide instructions to proteins, which determine traits and bodily functions

A

genetics

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6
Q

hold atoms together in molecules, forming structures like proteins and DNA

A

Chemical bonds

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7
Q

Atoms share electrons

A

Covalent Bonds

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8
Q

Atoms share electrons

A

Covalent Bonds

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9
Q

Atoms transfer electrons.

A

Ionic Bonds

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10
Q

Weak bonds between molecules

A

Hydrogen:

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11
Q

• Temperature: Higher speeds up reactions.
• Concentration: More reactants increase rates.
• Catalysts: Speed up reactions.
• pH: Affects reaction rates, especially for enzymes

A

Factors influencing reactions

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12
Q

donate protons (Ht ions) and have a pH
below 7

A

Acids

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13
Q

accept protons or donate hydroxide ions
(OH) and have a pH above 7

A

Bases

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14
Q

maintain stable pH by neutralizing excess acids or bases, preventing drastic pH changes

A

Buffers

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15
Q

Store energy and make up cell
membranes

A

Lipids

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16
Q

Provide quick energy and structural support

A

Carbohydrates:

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17
Q

Build and repair tissues, and act as enzymes

A

Proteins

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18
Q

Store and transmit genetic information

A

Nucleic acids

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19
Q

sequence of events in a cell’s life, including growth (interphase), DNA replication, and division (mitosis or meiosis)

A

Cell Cycle

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20
Q

The process of creating proteins from DNA instructions, involving transcription (DNA to mRNA) and translation (mRNA to protein)

A

Protein Synthesis

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21
Q

The process of converting glucose and oxygen into ATP, carbon dioxide, and water, providing energy for cellular activities.

A

Cellular Respiration

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22
Q

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, often in a ring structure (e.g., glucose).

A

Carbohydrates

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23
Q

Include fatty acids and glycerol, with a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head in phospholipids (e.g., triglycerides)

A

Lipids

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24
Q

Made of amino acids linked in a chain, forming structures like alpha helices and beta sheets (e.g., enzymes)

A

Proteins

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25
Composed of nucleotide units, including a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base (e.g., DNA with a double helix structure)
Nucleic Acids:
26
what are tissues made of
cells
27
muscular, connective, nervous, and epithelial
functions of tissues
28
what is needed for cellular respiration to happen
oxygen and glucose
29
stored energy
ATP
30
• grow/divide • signaling/ communication • specialization •aging and death
cell life
31
cells specialize by producing specific sets of proteins
gene expression
32
ability of one cell to become many types via gene activation/gene expression
cell differentiation
33
external: • lack of oxygen • stress • tissue damage internal: • dna damage
signals that cause death
34
cell explodes
necrosis
35
cell shrinks
apoptosis
36
• proteins open pore in mitochondria • mitochondria death proteins release • die from p53 gene
apoptosis process
37
permanent changes in DNA sequences
mutations
38
how do normal cells turn into cancer cells
mutatiom
39
all bonds affect molecules _____
shape/form
40
similar chemical shapes =
mimicking affect
41
no carbon • water, salts
inorganic compound
42
• carbon • complex • carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
organic compounds
43
carbs monomer?
monosaccharides
44
lipids monomer?
triglycerides
45
nucleic acids monomer?
nucleotides
46
proteins monomer?
amino acids
47
a small molecule that can bond with others to form a polymer
monomer
48
a large molecule made up of repeating units of monomers bonded together.
polymer
49
are crucial for maintaining the pH of blood and other body fluids within a narrow range, essential for enzyme function and overall homeostasis.
importance of buffers
50
primary energy currency of the cell, driving essential functions like muscle contraction, active transport across cell membranes, and biosynthesis.
importance of ATP
51
Stores genetic information in the form of sequences of bases (A, T, C, G). It serves as a template for transcription.
role of DNA in protein synthesis
52
carries/translates info from DNA to ribosomes
role of RNA in protein synthesis
53
- Occurs in somatic (body) cells. - Results in two genetically identical daughter cells. - Involves one round of cell division. - Maintains the chromosome number (diploid).
mitosis
54
- Occurs in germ cells to produce gametes (sperm and eggs). - Results in four genetically diverse daughter cells. - Involves two rounds of cell division. - Reduces the chromosome number by half (haploid).
meiosis
55
DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus. RNA polymerase reads the DNA sequence and synthesizes a complementary mRNA strand.
transcription
56
mRNA travels to the ribosome in the cytoplasm, where it is translated into a protein. tRNA molecules bring the correct amino acids to the ribosome, matching their anticodons to the codons on the mRNA, assembling the amino acids into a polypeptide chain.
translation
57
mRNA travels to the ribosome in the cytoplasm, where it is translated into a protein. tRNA molecules bring the correct amino acids to the ribosome, matching their anticodons to the codons on the mRNA, assembling the amino acids into a polypeptide chain.
translation
58
Acts as a selective barrier, allowing some substances to pass while blocking others.
cell membrane
59
Facilitate the movement of molecules across the membrane, either through passive transport (no energy required, e.g., diffusion) or active transport (energy required, e.g., sodium-potassium pump).
transport proteins
60
Stores genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities.
nucleus
61
Produces ATP through cellular respiration.
mitochondria
62
Synthesize proteins by translating mRNA.
ribosomes
63
combining atoms/molecules to form larger, more complex molecule
synthesis
64
breaking molecules apart
decomposition
65
breaking molecules apart
decomposition
66
bonds made/broken to exchange partacles
exchange reaction
67
the cell's energy source. It works by storing energy in its chemical bonds. When a cell needs energy, it breaks a bond, releasing energy for the cell to use.
ATP’s job
68
CHO
carbs and lipids
69
CHON
proteins
70
CHONP
nucleic acids
71
conduct electrical current in a solution
electrolytes
72
• weakness • twitching • fatigue • muscle spasm
unbalanced electrolytes
73
• sour taste • proton DONOR
acid
74
• bitter taste • proton ACCEPTOR
base
75
resist abrupt and large swings in the pH of body fluids
buffers
76
simple sugars
monosaccharides
77
glucose, fructose, ribose
examples of monosaccharides
78
double sugar
disaccharide
79
sucrose, maltose, lactose
examples of disaccharides
80
polymer (many sugars linked)
polysaccharides
81
starch: storage carb in plants glycogen: storage carb in animal tissue
examples of polysaccharides
82
chief component of cell membrane
phospholipids
83
cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, sex hormones precursor, and adrenal cortical hormones (response to stress)
steroids
84
• regulator fats produced all over body • prostaglandins (blood clotting, blood pressure, inflammation, labor)
eicosanoids
85
Combo of 20 types of amino acids (monomer) bound together with peptide bonds
protein
86
Combo of 20 types of amino acids (monomer) bound together with peptide bonds
protein
87
• fibrous (structual) • globular (functional)
types of proteins
88
• enzymes • horomones • transport •immunity • movement
protein functions
89
lower activation energy to speed up reaction
catalyst
90
protein unfolds and loses 3D shape
protein denature
91
lower activation energy to speed up reactions
catalyst
92
end in -ase
enzymes
93
• structure • enzymes • transport • movement • hormones • support
functions of proteins
94
double stranded helical
DNA
95
process of creating proteins from DNA instructions, involving transcriptions, and translation
protein synthesis

a&p adv (15 decks)

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