Brain

Question 1

Diencephalon?

Answer 1

• part of cerebrum

- thalamus, hypothalamus (with mamillary bodies), epithalamus (wth pineal gland)

Question 2

Limbic System

name - parts and functions

Answer 2

• primitive cortex, neocortex
• CINGULATE gyrus, fornix, hippocampus, amygdala
• func: olfaction, survival, memory, behaviour

Question 3

Subcortical white matter:
Describe and ex:
1. Commissural fibres
2. projection fibres
3. assocition fibres

Answer 3

1. connect hemis: corpus collusum, ant commissure
2. higher to lower centres in hemi: corona radiata, internal capsule, ext capsule
3. different lobes within hemi: superior longidtunil fasciculus, fornix, inferior frontaloccipital fasciculus

Question 4

Ventricles - describe system

Answer 4

2 lateral > interventricular foramen > 3rd V > cerebral aqueduct > 4th V > to subarachnoid space via 2 median apertures + 1 lateral apertures

Question 5

Thalamus -purpose

Answer 5

• all sensory inputs except olfactory before going to core
• modulate motor outputs from basal ganglia and cerebellum to cortex
• contralateral

Question 6

Thalamus parts: what? to where?
MGB
LGB
VP
VL
V

Answer 6

Medial geniculate body: auditory > 1ary aud cortex
Lateral geniculate body: vision - retina > 1ary visual cortex
Ventral Posterior: sensosensation - skin, muscle joints > postcentral gyrus
Ventral Lateral: motor - cerebellum, basal nuclei > frontal lobe
Venral Anteror: motor - basal nuclei > frontal lobe

Question 7

Purpose of hypothalamus

Answer 7

• neural, humoural, hormonal inputs
• control ANS and endocrine systems
• drives limbic (emotions) system
• regulate Temp, drinking, eating

Question 8

Spinal cord vs brainstem

Answer 8

Spinal cord
-grey matter in cord is continuous butterfly column

Brain stem

• grey matter - dissociated series of nuclei
• subserves special senses
• reticular formation (grey matter network not nuclei) for arousal
• cranial nerve can carry single modality

Question 9

What are the pyramids?

Answer 9

CST in ventral medulla

Question 10

What are peduncles?

Answer 10

bundle of axons connecting brainstem to cerebrum/cerebellum

Question 11

What is vestibular Schwannoma? where is the lesion?

Answer 11

starts in CNVIII - hearing loss, tinnitis, vertigo

-as it grows: compress on inferior cerebellar penduncle, AICA, CN7, 5,6,9,10

Question 12

What is the oculomotor nucleus?

Answer 12

axons contribute to CNIII
@ superior colliculi
> eye muscles: SR, IR, MR, IO, levtor palpebrae superioris
-motor nucleus

Question 13

Trochlear Nucleus?

Answer 13

form CNIV
@ inf. colliculus
> SO muscle of eye
-motor nucleus

Question 14

Abducens Nucleus?

Answer 14

form CNVI
@ facial colliculus, caudal pons
> LR of eye
-motor nucleus

Question 15

Hypoglossal nucleus?

Answer 15

form CNXII
@ open medulla, long
-in cross section: midline, ventral to forth ventricle
>tongue muscles
-motor nucleus

Question 16

Mastication nucleus?

Answer 16

contribute to CN V3
@ dorsal pons above facial colliculi
> muscles of mastication
-M

Question 17

Facial nucleus?

Answer 17

contribute to CN VII
@ lateteral to Abducens N @ facial colliculi, caudal pons
> muscles of facial expression
-M

Question 18

Nucleus Ambiguus?

Answer 18

contribute to CN X (and a bit of IX for stylophyrangeus)
@ below Facial nucleus, long
> laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles
-M

Question 19

Accessory nucleus?

Answer 19

form CN XI
@ medulla long, below tubercles
>sterno, trap
-M

Question 20

Edinger-Westphal Nucleus?

Answer 20

contribute to CNIII
-parasymp: invol movement of eyes: pupillary constriction, lens accomodation
@ superior colliculi with occulomotor nucleus

Question 21

Superior salivatory nucleus?

Answer 21

contribute to CNVII
-parasymp: glands (except parotid)
@ facial nucleus medial to Facial Nucleus

Question 22

Inferior salivatory nucleus?

Answer 22

contribute to CNIX
-parasymp: parotid gland
@below facial colliculi and superior salivatory nucleus

Question 23

Dorsal vagal nucleus?

Answer 23

contribute to CNX
-parasymp: thoracic and abdo visceral (vagus to left colic flexure)
@open medulla
- lateral to hypoglossal
- bt hypoglossal nucleus and nucleus ambiguus, long

Question 24

Spinal Trigeminal nucleus?

Answer 24

somatic, CN V
-2ry sensory neurons for pain and Temp from face
@ caudal pons, open medulla - medial to cerebellar penduncles
-long, from pons to medulla

Question 25

Pontine Trigeminal nucleus?

Answer 25

somatic, CN V
-2ry sensory neurons for touch, vibratin from face
@ pons, middle cerebella penduncle level

Question 26

Vestibular nucleus?

Answer 26

special senses: balance from vestibular apparatus
@caudal pons,
medial to cochlear nucleus, lateral to abducens nucleus

Question 27

Cochlear nucleus?

Answer 27

special senses: auditory from cochlea

@pontomedullry jnc, laterl to vestibular nucleus

Question 28

Nucleus solitarius?

Answer 28

@ open medulla
visceral sensory: 2ry sensory neurons
-taste from tongue -1ary afferents from CN VII (ant 2/3) and IX (post 1/3)
-homeostasis - BP from aortic and carotid bodies - 1ry afferents (carotid) from CNIX and X (aortic)

Question 29

What are the parasymp CN? what are their nuclei

Answer 29

3,7,9,10
Edinger-westphal N
superior salivatory N
inferior salivatory N
dorsal vagal N