Brain

Question 1

oligodendrocytes

Answer 1

myelination in CNS

Question 2

Schwann Cells

Answer 2

myelination in PNS

Question 3

microglia

Answer 3

phagocytosis, scar tissue formation

Question 4

astrocytes

Answer 4

help form the blood brain barrier, surround synapses, K+ buffering

Question 5

satellite cells

Answer 5

surround neuronal cell bodies

Question 6

what type of neurone are sensory?

Answer 6

psuedounipolar

Question 7

grey matter

Answer 7

cells bodies

Question 8

white matter

Answer 8

myelin sheath - axons

Question 9

blood brain barrier

Answer 9

tight junction epithelium, thick basal lamina, foot processes of astrocytes

Question 10

dura mater

Answer 10

tough, fibrous and has dural folds

Question 11

pia mater

Answer 11

vascularised and dips into the folds of the brain

Question 12

subarachnoid space

Answer 12

contains cerebrospinal fluid

Question 13

choroid plexus

Answer 13

in ventricles, produce CSF

Question 14

Exit of CSF from ventricles

Answer 14

foramen of Luschka, median apeture of magendie

Question 15

Myelopathy

Answer 15

injury to the spinal cord due to severe compression that may result from trauma, congenital stenosis, degenerative disease or disc herniation

Question 16

Radiculopathy

Answer 16

pinched nerve, refers to a set of conditions in which one or more nerves are affected and do not work properly (a neuropathy).

Question 17

Stage 1 sleep

Answer 17

Slow wave, non-REM, S-sleep. Slow eye movements. Light sleep. Easily roused. High amplitude, low frequency theta waves.

Question 18

Stage 2 Sleep

Answer 18

Eye movements stop. Frequency slows further but EEG shows bursts of rapid waves called “sleep spindles” (clusters of rhythmic waves, ~12-14Hz)

Question 19

Stage 3 Sleep

Answer 19

High amplitude, very slow (2Hz) delta waves interspersed with short episodes of faster waves, spindle activity declines. deep sleep.

Question 20

Stage 4 Sleep

Answer 20

exclusively delta waves. deep sleep.

Question 21

REM sleep

Answer 21

during which there are rapid eye movements. Aka paradoxical sleep. Dreams occur during REM sleep. 25% of sleep is REM.

Question 22

awake

Answer 22

alpha waves

Question 23

suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus

Answer 23

SCN demonstrates ~24hr circadian rhythm.

Electrical stimulation of the SCN can promote sleep and damage to the SCN disrupts the sleep-wake cycle. Activity in the SCN stimulates release of melatonin from the pineal gland – corresponds with feelings of sleepiness in humans

Question 24

orexin (aka hypocretin)

Answer 24

excitatory neurotransmitter released by the hypothalamus. Orexin neurons are active during the waking state and stop firing during sleep. Defective orexin signalling causes narcolepsy

Question 25

FFA

Answer 25

Fundus fluorescein angiography

Question 26

OCT

Answer 26

Optical coherence tomography

Question 27

ERG & VEP

Answer 27

Electroretinography & Visual evoked potential

Question 28

EOG

Answer 28

Electrooculography

Question 29

thalamus

Answer 29

sensory relay centre. searches and accesses memories

Question 30

primary motor cortex

Answer 30

precentral gyrus, area 4 - somatotopic representation of contralateral half of body (motor homunculus)

Question 31

prefrontal cortex

Answer 31

cognitive functions of higher order- intellect, judgement, prediction, planning

Question 32

area 6 - motor association area

Answer 32

composed of the premotor cortex and, medially, the supplementary motor area, or SMA. planning of complex, coordinated movements.

Question 33

Inferior frontal gyrus: Broca’s area of motor speech (area 44,45)

Answer 33

That part of the brain is putting it into pattern of words (and what needs to happen to make sense)

Question 34

Post-central gyrus: Areas 3,1,2 – Primary sensory area

Answer 34

Receives general sensations from contralateral half of body. Somatotopic representation (sensory homunculus).

Question 35

Superior parietal lobule

Answer 35

Interpretation of general sensory information (sensory association area) and conscious awareness of contralateral half of body.

Question 36

Inferior parietal lobule

Answer 36

Interface between somatosensory cortex and visual and auditory association areas. In dominant hemisphere, contributes to language functions.

Question 37

Superior Temporal gyrus – Primary auditory cortex – Areas 41,42 (Heschl’s convolutions)

Answer 37

Hearing/audition

Question 38

Auditory association areas

Answer 38

posterior to 41,42. In dominant hemisphere – Wernicke’s area. Crucial for understanding of spoken word. Has connections with other language areas.

Question 39

inferior surface of temporal lobe

Answer 39

receives fibres from olfactory tract – conscious appreciation of smell

Question 40

area 18/19

Answer 40

The rest of the occipital lobe is the visual association cortex, (areas 18,19) concerned with interpretation of visual images.

Question 41

area 17

Answer 41

On the medial surface of the occipital lobe, on either side of the calcarine sulcus is the primary visual cortex