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Brain Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the brain’s volume and weight?

A

Volume: 1200 - 1400 cc

Weight 1.4 kg

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1
Q

What are the four major regions of the brain?

A

Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brainstem
Cerebellum

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2
Q

What is the definition of rostral?

A

Towards the front (synonymous with anterior)

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3
Q

What is the definition of caudal?

A

Towards the back (synonymous with posterior)

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4
Q

What is the term for the peaks of the folds of the brain?

A

Gyrus

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5
Q

What is the term for the valleys of the folds of the brain?

A

Sulcus

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6
Q

Where is the Cerebrum located?

A

The “mushroom cap” of the brain.

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7
Q

Where is the diencephalon located?

A

The center of the cerebrum.

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8
Q

Where is the brainstem located?

A

Inferior to the cerebrum. Connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord.

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9
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

Inferior to cerebrum, posterior to brainstem.

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10
Q

What are the three primary vesicles of the brain that from after 4 weeks of development?

A
  1. Prosencephalon
  2. Mesencephalon
  3. Rhombencephalon
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11
Q

What are the five secondary vesicles that develop by the fifth week of embryonic development?

A
  1. Telencephalon
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Mesencephalon
  4. Metencephalon
  5. Myelencephalon
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12
Q

What does the Prosencephalon develop into in the fifth week of embryonic development?

A
  1. Telencephalon

2. Diencephalon

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13
Q

What does the Mesencephalon develop into in the fifth week of embryonic development?

A

Mesencephalon

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14
Q

What does the Rhombencephalon develop into in the fifth week of embryonic development?

A
  1. Metencephalon

2. Myelencephalon

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15
Q

What are the two types of neural tissue in the brain?

A

Gray matter and white matter.

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16
Q

What is gray matter composed of?

A

Neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons.

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17
Q

What is the white matter composed of?

A

Myelinated axons

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18
Q

What type of matter is the cerebral cortex made of?

A

Gray matter

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19
Q

What are the cranial meninges? What is their function?

A

Three connective tissue layers that help support and protect the brain.

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20
Q

What are the three layers of the cranial meninges?

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachoid
  3. Pia mater
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21
Q

What are the three functions of the cranial meninges?

A
  1. Separate the soft tissue of the brain from the cranial bones.
  2. Enclose & protect the blood vessels.
  3. Contain and circulate the cerebrospinal fluid.
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22
Q

List the 3 layers of the cranial meninges from superficial to deep.

A
  1. dura mater
  2. arachoid
  3. pia mater
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23
Q

What is the Cranial Dura Septa?

A

A cranial partition that provides stabilization and support.

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24
What is an example of a specific cranial dura septa?
Falx cerebri
25
What are the large veins that drain blood from the brain into the internal jugular?
Dural venous sinuses
26
What is another term for a vein?
Sinus
27
What are the cavities within the brain that contain CSF?
Ventricles
28
How many ventricles are in the brain?
four
29
What are the two lateral ventricles separated by?
Septum pellucidum
30
What are the 3 functions of cerebrospinal fluid?
1. Buoyancy 2. Protection 3. Environmental Stability
31
What is the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) made of?
Capillary endothelial cells and astrocyte perivascular feet.
32
What is the function of the BBB?
It regulates what substances can enter the interstitial fluids of the brain.
33
Name the ventricles of the brain.
Lateral ventricles, third ventricle and fourth ventricle
34
Where are "higher functions" located in the brain?
Cerebrum
35
What is the type of matter on the cerbral cortex?
Gray matter
36
The internal layer of the cerebrum is made of what type of matter?
White matter
37
Deep to the white matter of the cerebrum are discrete regions of gray matter called ____________.
Cerebral nuclei
38
The cerebral hemispheres are separate from one another except at a few locations where bundles of axons called ______ form.
tracts
39
What is the largest tract in the cerebrum?
Corpus callosum
40
All sensory and motor impulses cross the ______________.
Corpus callosum
41
What are the five lobes of the cerebrum?
1. Frontal lobe 2. Parietal lobe 3. Temporal lobe 4. Occipital lobe 5. Insula
42
What is the central sulcus?
The border between the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe.
43
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
It's the part of the brain that makes us uniquely human. Center for reasoning, planning & executing, personality, language and executive functions.
44
What is the function of the parietal lobe?
Center for somatosenses (touch, temperature, pressure, pain)
45
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
Center for hearing and olfactory senses.
46
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
Vision center of the brain.
47
What is the function of the insula?
Center for taste, maybe memory.
48
Where is the insula located?
In the lateral sulcus.
49
Where is the Primary Motor Cortex located?
Anterior to the central sulcus on the precentral gyrus.
50
What is the function of the primary motor cortex?
Controls voluntary skeletal muscle activity.
51
What is the motor speech area of the cerebrum called?
Broca's Area
52
What is the function of Broca's Area?
Controls muscular movements necessary for vocalization.
53
What is Broca's Aphasia?
An impairment of speech characterized by a lack of real words, nonsense sounds, loss of motor control of the tongue, but patients are completely able to understand speech.
54
What are the five sensory areas of the brain? Sour Vegetables Always Grow Organically
1. Primary Somatosensory Cortex 2. Primary Visual Cortex 3. Primary Auditory Cortex 4. Primary Gustatory Cortex 5. Primary Olfactory Cortex
55
What is synesthesia?
An impairment that is characterized by the blending of the senses.
56
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?
The post-central gyrus anterior to the central sulcus.
57
What are the five association areas? Putrid Socks Are Vile
1. Premotor cortex 2. Somatosensory area 3. Auditory area 4. Visual area 5. Wernicke's Area
58
What is the function of association areas?
To help support and integrate with sensory areas.
59
What is the function of Wernicke's Area?
It recognizes and comprehends spoken and written language.
60
What is Wernicke's Aphasia?
A comprehension impairment characterized by patients that can form words but don't understand language.
61
What side of the brain are both Broca's Area and Wernicke's Area located?
Left side
62
What are the three components of the diencephalon?
1. Epithalamus 2. Thalamus 3. Hypothalamus
63
Which part of the diencephalon contains the pineal gland?
Epithalamus
64
What is the function of the pineal gland?
Secretes melatonin, regulating sleep/wake cycle
65
What is the function of the thalamus?
Relays senses to the cortex, except for olfaction (smell).
66
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Controls the autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, body temperature and food and water intake.
67
What are the three regions of the brainstem?
1. Mesencephalon 2. Pons 3. Medulla Oblongata
68
What are the three general functions of the brainstem?
1. A passageway for all tracts between the cerebrum and spinal cord 2. Autonomic centers and reflex centers 3. Contains the nuclei of many cranial nerves
69
The mesencephalon is also known as the ___________.
Superior brainstem
70
What are the four regions of the mesencephalon?
1. Cerebral Peduncles 2. Substantia nigra 3. Tectum 4. Tegementum
71
What is the function of the Cerebral Peduncles?
Axonal pathway from the motor cortex to the spinal cord.
72
What is the function of the substantia nigra?
Houses dopamine containing neurons. Involved in motor control.
73
What is the function of Tectum?
1. Contains the tracts for visual stimuli in the Superior Colliculi 2. Contains the tracts for auditory stimuli in the Inferior Colliculi
74
What is the function of the Tegmentum?
Integrates the cerebrum and cerebellum. Issues involuntary motor commands to skeletal muscles such as the posture muscles.
75
What are the two structures that reside in the pons?
Autonomic respiratory centers and cranial nerve nuclei.
76
What is the function of the autonomic respiratory centers?
To regulate rate and depth of breathing.
77
What structure of the brainstem do all tracts that communicate between the spinal cord and the brain pass through?
Medulla Oblongata
78
What are the pyramids of the medulla oblongata?
Two longitudinal ridges on the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata.
79
What is the decussation of the pyramids?
The point at the posterior region of the medulla oblongata where axons crossover to the opposite sides of the brain.
80
Does the medulla oblongata house cranial nerve nuclei?
yes
81
The medulla oblongata contains several ____________ nuclei.
autonomic
82
What are the three important centers of the medulla oblongata?
1. Cardiac center 2. Vasomotor center 3. Respiratory center *other nuclei - are involved in coughing, sneezing, salivation, swallowing, gagging, and vomiting.
83
What does the cardiac center control?
The rate and strength of cardiac contractions.
84
What does the vasomotor center control?
blood vessel diameter, blood pressure
85
What does the respiratory center control?
Rate & depth of breathing along with the pons
86
What are the three regions of the cerebellum?
1. An outer grey matter layer of the cortex 2. An internal region of white matter called the arbor vitae 3. Cerebellar nuclei in the deepest layer
87
What are the functions of the cerebellum?
Coordinates and fine-tunes skeletal muscle (both postural and voluntary) movements via feedback loops.
88
What is the general structure and function of the limbic system?
Composed of cerebral and diencephalic structures that collectively process and experience emotions.
89
What are four of the structures within the limbic system?
1. Hippocampus 2. Amygdala 3. Olfactory bulbs, tracts & cortex 4. Cingulate gyrus
90
What does the hippocampus control?
Memory
91
What does the amygdala control?
Fear and odor memories
92
What does the olfactory bulbs, tracts and cortex control?
Smell
93
What does the cingulate gyrus control?
Brings emotionally significant events into the consciousness.
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