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Brain Flashcards

This flashcard deck was created using Flashcardlet's card creator

0
Q

What is the brain’s volume and weight?

A

Volume: 1200 - 1400 cc

Weight 1.4 kg

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1
Q

What are the four major regions of the brain?

A

Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brainstem
Cerebellum

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2
Q

What is the definition of rostral?

A

Towards the front (synonymous with anterior)

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3
Q

What is the definition of caudal?

A

Towards the back (synonymous with posterior)

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4
Q

What is the term for the peaks of the folds of the brain?

A

Gyrus

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5
Q

What is the term for the valleys of the folds of the brain?

A

Sulcus

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6
Q

Where is the Cerebrum located?

A

The “mushroom cap” of the brain.

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7
Q

Where is the diencephalon located?

A

The center of the cerebrum.

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8
Q

Where is the brainstem located?

A

Inferior to the cerebrum. Connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord.

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9
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

Inferior to cerebrum, posterior to brainstem.

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10
Q

What are the three primary vesicles of the brain that from after 4 weeks of development?

A
  1. Prosencephalon
  2. Mesencephalon
  3. Rhombencephalon
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11
Q

What are the five secondary vesicles that develop by the fifth week of embryonic development?

A
  1. Telencephalon
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Mesencephalon
  4. Metencephalon
  5. Myelencephalon
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12
Q

What does the Prosencephalon develop into in the fifth week of embryonic development?

A
  1. Telencephalon

2. Diencephalon

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13
Q

What does the Mesencephalon develop into in the fifth week of embryonic development?

A

Mesencephalon

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14
Q

What does the Rhombencephalon develop into in the fifth week of embryonic development?

A
  1. Metencephalon

2. Myelencephalon

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15
Q

What are the two types of neural tissue in the brain?

A

Gray matter and white matter.

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16
Q

What is gray matter composed of?

A

Neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons.

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17
Q

What is the white matter composed of?

A

Myelinated axons

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18
Q

What type of matter is the cerebral cortex made of?

A

Gray matter

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19
Q

What are the cranial meninges? What is their function?

A

Three connective tissue layers that help support and protect the brain.

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20
Q

What are the three layers of the cranial meninges?

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachoid
  3. Pia mater
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21
Q

What are the three functions of the cranial meninges?

A
  1. Separate the soft tissue of the brain from the cranial bones.
  2. Enclose & protect the blood vessels.
  3. Contain and circulate the cerebrospinal fluid.
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22
Q

List the 3 layers of the cranial meninges from superficial to deep.

A
  1. dura mater
  2. arachoid
  3. pia mater
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23
Q

What is the Cranial Dura Septa?

A

A cranial partition that provides stabilization and support.

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24
Q

What is an example of a specific cranial dura septa?

A

Falx cerebri

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25
Q

What are the large veins that drain blood from the brain into the internal jugular?

A

Dural venous sinuses

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26
Q

What is another term for a vein?

A

Sinus

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27
Q

What are the cavities within the brain that contain CSF?

A

Ventricles

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28
Q

How many ventricles are in the brain?

A

four

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29
Q

What are the two lateral ventricles separated by?

A

Septum pellucidum

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30
Q

What are the 3 functions of cerebrospinal fluid?

A
  1. Buoyancy
  2. Protection
  3. Environmental Stability
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31
Q

What is the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) made of?

A

Capillary endothelial cells and astrocyte perivascular feet.

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32
Q

What is the function of the BBB?

A

It regulates what substances can enter the interstitial fluids of the brain.

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33
Q

Name the ventricles of the brain.

A

Lateral ventricles, third ventricle and fourth ventricle

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34
Q

Where are “higher functions” located in the brain?

A

Cerebrum

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35
Q

What is the type of matter on the cerbral cortex?

A

Gray matter

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36
Q

The internal layer of the cerebrum is made of what type of matter?

A

White matter

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37
Q

Deep to the white matter of the cerebrum are discrete regions of gray matter called ____________.

A

Cerebral nuclei

38
Q

The cerebral hemispheres are separate from one another except at a few locations where bundles of axons called ______ form.

A

tracts

39
Q

What is the largest tract in the cerebrum?

A

Corpus callosum

40
Q

All sensory and motor impulses cross the ______________.

A

Corpus callosum

41
Q

What are the five lobes of the cerebrum?

A
  1. Frontal lobe
  2. Parietal lobe
  3. Temporal lobe
  4. Occipital lobe
  5. Insula
42
Q

What is the central sulcus?

A

The border between the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe.

43
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

It’s the part of the brain that makes us uniquely human. Center for reasoning, planning & executing, personality, language and executive functions.

44
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

Center for somatosenses (touch, temperature, pressure, pain)

45
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Center for hearing and olfactory senses.

46
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Vision center of the brain.

47
Q

What is the function of the insula?

A

Center for taste, maybe memory.

48
Q

Where is the insula located?

A

In the lateral sulcus.

49
Q

Where is the Primary Motor Cortex located?

A

Anterior to the central sulcus on the precentral gyrus.

50
Q

What is the function of the primary motor cortex?

A

Controls voluntary skeletal muscle activity.

51
Q

What is the motor speech area of the cerebrum called?

A

Broca’s Area

52
Q

What is the function of Broca’s Area?

A

Controls muscular movements necessary for vocalization.

53
Q

What is Broca’s Aphasia?

A

An impairment of speech characterized by a lack of real words, nonsense sounds, loss of motor control of the tongue, but patients are completely able to understand speech.

54
Q

What are the five sensory areas of the brain?

Sour Vegetables Always Grow Organically

A
  1. Primary Somatosensory Cortex
  2. Primary Visual Cortex
  3. Primary Auditory Cortex
  4. Primary Gustatory Cortex
  5. Primary Olfactory Cortex
55
Q

What is synesthesia?

A

An impairment that is characterized by the blending of the senses.

56
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?

A

The post-central gyrus anterior to the central sulcus.

57
Q

What are the five association areas?

Putrid Socks Are Vile

A
  1. Premotor cortex
  2. Somatosensory area
  3. Auditory area
  4. Visual area
  5. Wernicke’s Area
58
Q

What is the function of association areas?

A

To help support and integrate with sensory areas.

59
Q

What is the function of Wernicke’s Area?

A

It recognizes and comprehends spoken and written language.

60
Q

What is Wernicke’s Aphasia?

A

A comprehension impairment characterized by patients that can form words but don’t understand language.

61
Q

What side of the brain are both Broca’s Area and Wernicke’s Area located?

A

Left side

62
Q

What are the three components of the diencephalon?

A
  1. Epithalamus
  2. Thalamus
  3. Hypothalamus
63
Q

Which part of the diencephalon contains the pineal gland?

A

Epithalamus

64
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland?

A

Secretes melatonin, regulating sleep/wake cycle

65
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Relays senses to the cortex, except for olfaction (smell).

66
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Controls the autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, body temperature and food and water intake.

67
Q

What are the three regions of the brainstem?

A
  1. Mesencephalon
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla Oblongata
68
Q

What are the three general functions of the brainstem?

A
  1. A passageway for all tracts between the cerebrum and spinal cord
  2. Autonomic centers and reflex centers
  3. Contains the nuclei of many cranial nerves
69
Q

The mesencephalon is also known as the ___________.

A

Superior brainstem

70
Q

What are the four regions of the mesencephalon?

A
  1. Cerebral Peduncles
  2. Substantia nigra
  3. Tectum
  4. Tegementum
71
Q

What is the function of the Cerebral Peduncles?

A

Axonal pathway from the motor cortex to the spinal cord.

72
Q

What is the function of the substantia nigra?

A

Houses dopamine containing neurons. Involved in motor control.

73
Q

What is the function of Tectum?

A
  1. Contains the tracts for visual stimuli in the Superior Colliculi
  2. Contains the tracts for auditory stimuli in the Inferior Colliculi
74
Q

What is the function of the Tegmentum?

A

Integrates the cerebrum and cerebellum. Issues involuntary motor commands to skeletal muscles such as the posture muscles.

75
Q

What are the two structures that reside in the pons?

A

Autonomic respiratory centers and cranial nerve nuclei.

76
Q

What is the function of the autonomic respiratory centers?

A

To regulate rate and depth of breathing.

77
Q

What structure of the brainstem do all tracts that communicate between the spinal cord and the brain pass through?

A

Medulla Oblongata

78
Q

What are the pyramids of the medulla oblongata?

A

Two longitudinal ridges on the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata.

79
Q

What is the decussation of the pyramids?

A

The point at the posterior region of the medulla oblongata where axons crossover to the opposite sides of the brain.

80
Q

Does the medulla oblongata house cranial nerve nuclei?

A

yes

81
Q

The medulla oblongata contains several ____________ nuclei.

A

autonomic

82
Q

What are the three important centers of the medulla oblongata?

A
  1. Cardiac center
  2. Vasomotor center
  3. Respiratory center

*other nuclei - are involved in coughing, sneezing, salivation, swallowing, gagging, and vomiting.

83
Q

What does the cardiac center control?

A

The rate and strength of cardiac contractions.

84
Q

What does the vasomotor center control?

A

blood vessel diameter, blood pressure

85
Q

What does the respiratory center control?

A

Rate & depth of breathing along with the pons

86
Q

What are the three regions of the cerebellum?

A
  1. An outer grey matter layer of the cortex
  2. An internal region of white matter called the arbor vitae
  3. Cerebellar nuclei in the deepest layer
87
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinates and fine-tunes skeletal muscle (both postural and voluntary) movements via feedback loops.

88
Q

What is the general structure and function of the limbic system?

A

Composed of cerebral and diencephalic structures that collectively process and experience emotions.

89
Q

What are four of the structures within the limbic system?

A
  1. Hippocampus
  2. Amygdala
  3. Olfactory bulbs, tracts & cortex
  4. Cingulate gyrus
90
Q

What does the hippocampus control?

A

Memory

91
Q

What does the amygdala control?

A

Fear and odor memories

92
Q

What does the olfactory bulbs, tracts and cortex control?

A

Smell

93
Q

What does the cingulate gyrus control?

A

Brings emotionally significant events into the consciousness.

From Flashcardlet (118 decks)

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