Brain Anatomy

Question 1

meninges

Answer 1

surround the entire CNS

three layers; dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

Question 2

dura mater

Answer 2

tough, outermost layer

Question 3

arachnoid

Answer 3

layer of blood vessels

connected to spine

Question 4

pia mater

Answer 4

delicate, innermost layer that encloses the brain

Question 5

ventricles

Answer 5

spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid
types: lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle
ALL OF THEM ARE INTERCONNECTED

Question 6

lateral ventricles

Answer 6

located at the front and topic of the brain on both hemispheres

Question 7

third venticle

Answer 7

located at the center in the deep forebrain

has an aquaduct down to the fourth ventricle

Question 8

fourth ventricle

Answer 8

located at the center and top of the brain in the brainstem

Question 9

planes of view of the brain

Answer 9

sagittal
coronal
horizontal

Question 10

sagittal view

Answer 10

sideways view
anterior to posterior
dorsal to ventral

Question 11

coronal view

Answer 11

front or back view

medial (middle) to lateral (sides

Question 12

horizontal view

Answer 12

top to bottom

can also see sagittal and coronal sections from this view

Question 13

corpus callosum

Answer 13

joins the left and right hemispheres of the brain

Question 14

major divisions of the brain

Answer 14

rhombencephalon
mesencephalon
diencephalon
telencephalon

Question 15

rhombencephalon

Answer 15

major structures: pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum, reticular system, raphe nucleus, locus coeruleus
houses the cranial nerve nucleus for each cranial nerve
has massive fiber tracts running up and down

Question 16

reticular system

Answer 16

loose network important in sleep and arousal

spread out throughout the pons and medulla

Question 17

raphe nucleus

Answer 17

source of serotonin

is anterior to the locus coeruleus

Question 18

locus coeruleus

Answer 18

source of norepinephrine

Question 19

mesencephalon

Answer 19

major structures: superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, substantia nigra, tegmentum, red nucleus

Question 20

superior colliculus

Answer 20

aka optic tectum

involved in vison

Question 21

inferior colliculus

Answer 21

aka torus semicircularis

involved in hearing

Question 22

tegmentum

Answer 22

bottom half of the midbrain

important in reward and motivation

Question 23

diencephalon

Answer 23

major structures: thalamus, pineal gland, hypothalamus

Question 24

thalamus

Answer 24

primary sensory processor in the brain

involved in sensory relay (sends sensory info to the cortex)

Question 25

pineal gland

Answer 25

involved in sleeping & waking, and circadian rhythms

Question 26

hypothalamus

Answer 26

involved in motivation

Question 27

telencephalon

Answer 27

major structures: hippocampus, striatum, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, septum, cortex

Question 28

hippocampus

Answer 28

involved in learning and memory

Question 29

striatum

Answer 29

involved in action patterns | parts: caudate, putamen, globus, pallidus

Question 30

nucleus accumbens

Answer 30

involved in motivation, reward, and emotion | is the main target of mesolimbic dopamine

Question 31

amygdala

Answer 31

involved in fear and other emotions; and motivation

Question 32

septum

Answer 32

involved in motivation | located in the center of the telencephalon, and divides the left and right centers of it

Question 33

cortex

Answer 33

folded sheet containing sulci and gyri has 6 layers; neural connections between these layers form a column divided into four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

Question 34

cingulate cortex

Answer 34

considers a '5th lobe' of the cortex | involved in emotion, motivation, and cognition

Question 35

what are the causes of brain evolution

Answer 35

encephalization and increase in brain size

Question 36

encephalization

Answer 36

growth of anterior structures of the brain over evolutionary time elaborated the striatum, hippocampus, and pyriform cortex

Question 37

brain size

Answer 37

generally increases with body weight mammals have a large brain/body weight ratio the human brain had a massive increase in size in the last 1.5 million years

Question 38

encephalization quotient

Answer 38

comparison of actual brain size to growth equivalent | humans have a high one

Question 39

consequence of encephalization

Answer 39

invasion of functions by rostral structures, which leads to loss of lower autonomy

Question 40

effects of decortication

Answer 40

humans have lost subcortical autonomy; rats can recover for decortication largest form of cortical damage