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Brain and Behavior test2 Flashcards

0
Q

Magnetoencephalograph (MEG)

A

Similar to EEG but measures faint magnetic fields generated by brain activity instead of electric

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1
Q

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

Records electrical activity produced by various brain regions, measures sleep stages

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2
Q

Positron-emission tomography (PET)

A

Records emission of radioactivity from injected radioactive chemicals to produce detailed image

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3
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

Modified MRI, oxygen consumption of brain to show moving picture, safer and less expensive than pet

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4
Q

Computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scan)

A

Injection of dye in blood, passage of X-rays through head, sees tumors and abnormalities

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5
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Powerful magnetic field to image the brain

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6
Q

Types of synapses

A

Dendrodendritic, axondendritic, axoextracellular, axosomatic, axosynaptic, axoaxonic, axosecretory

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7
Q

Dendrodendritic

A

Synapse where dendrites send messages to other dendrites

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8
Q

Axondendritic

A

Axon terminal of one neuron synapses on dendritic spine of another

Type of synapse

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9
Q

Axoextracellular

A

Terminal with no specific target, secretes transmitter into extracellular fluid

Synapse type

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10
Q

Axosomatic

A

Axon terminal ends on cell body

Synapse type

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11
Q

Axosynaptic

A

Axon terminal ends on another terminal

Synapse type

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12
Q

Axoaxonic

A

Axon terminal ends on another axon

Synapse type

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13
Q

Axosecretory

A

Axon terminal ends on tiny blood vessel and secretes transmitter directly into blood

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14
Q

EPSP

A

Excitatory post-synaptic potential

Graded potential that decays over time and space

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15
Q

IPSP

A

Inhibitory post-synaptic potential

When x causes y to be hyperpolarized

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16
Q

Temporal summation

A

If presynaptic neuron is stimulated more than once, this can occur

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17
Q

Spatial summation

A

Two different parts of post synaptic neuron are stimulated at the same time

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18
Q

Electrical synapses

A

Gap junction, direct contact membrane to membrane of neurons

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19
Q

Chemical synapse

A

Second type of synapse

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20
Q

Gap junction

A

Electrical synapse
Info passed through tubular channels containing cytoplasm, cytoplasm is continuos, found on mammal brains.
Advantage: two way comm, fast

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21
Q

Chemical synapses

A

Neurotransmitters across synapses

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22
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that travel across the synapse and allow communication. Made from diet, can excite or inhibit.

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23
Q

Neuroteansmitter sequence of chemical events

A

1) synthesis and packaging
2) transport to axon terminals
3) release via exocytosis

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24
Amino acid derivatives
Glutamate and GABA, Neurotransmitters
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Peptides
Neurotransmitters: Met-enkephalin And leu-enkephalin Larger than other Neurotransmitters
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Co-localization
Presence of two or more Neurotransmitters in same axon terminal
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Exocytosis
Neurotransmitters are released by this | Vesicle containing nt fuses with membrane of presynaptic terminal
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Postsynaptoc response
Effect of NT depends on the receptor on the Postsynaptic cell (ionotropic, metabotropic, neuromodulatory)
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Ionotropic Response
Neurotransmitter attaches to receptors and immediately opens ion channels - very quick, doesn't last very long - involves GABA, glutamate, glycine
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Metabotropic response
Slower and longer lasting - involves dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, glutamate or GABA - NTs attach to metabotropic receptor
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Metabotropic events
Behaviors such as taste, smell, attention, arousal and pain
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Neuromodulatory Response
Produced by Neuropeptides, colocalized in same neuron | -effect neighbors, all release same neuropeptide
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Autoreceptors
Receptors that detect the amount of transmitter release and inhibit further synthesis
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Presynaptic inhibition
neurotransmitter binding to presynaptic receptor decreases neurotransmitter from that axon terminal
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Presynaptic facilitation
Neurotransmitter (NT) binding to presynaptic receptor increases release of NT from axon terminal
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The nerve impulse
Electrical message transmitted down axon, action potential
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Nerve impulse travel
Does not just travel down, is regenerated along the way so not weakened. 1 m per second to 100 meters per second depending on myelination
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Neuron at rest
Inside cell K+ and anions (large protein) | Outside: Na+ and some CI-
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Membrane Potential
Voltage difference, difference in electrical charge between inside and outside neuron
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Electrical gradient
Membrane of a neuron maintains this, difference between inside and outside electrical charge -called polarization
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Resting potential (neuron)
State of the neuron prior to sending nerve impulse
42
Ionic basis of resting membrane potential
These things explain it: 1) chemical gradient 2) electrical gradient 3) selective permeability 4) sodium-potassium pump
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Concentration gradient
How much of a thing in a cell spreads out throughout cell, amount is the concentration
44
Electrical gradient
Inside a cell negative, outside positive, that means outside wants to go in etc
45
Semi-permeable nature of membranes
Cell membrane allows some chemicals to pass in more freely than others Sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride can only get in when membrane channels open
46
What can get in cell membrane always?
O2, CO2, H2O, urea
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Hyper polarization
Increasing difference between the electrical charge of two places
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Depolarization
Refers to decreasing the difference so membrane potential moves toward zero
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Characteristics of graded potential
Amplitude of response is proportional to intensity of stimulus that elicited it -amplitude of response decreases we potential moves through neuron
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Action potential
Rapid depolarization of a neuron, varies from one neuron to another, this is a nergnimpuls
51
Threshold of excitation
When any stimulation produces massive depolarization which triggers a nerve impulse or action potential
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Voltage-activated channels
Eg sodium and potassium Proteins whose permeability depends upon the voltage difference across the membrane
53
Sodium-potassium pump
Process of restoring to original distribution of ions | -can be dangerous when too much sodium builds up in axon, can kill cells, but only when you take drugs or stroke
54
Local anesthetic
Local anesthetic blocks sodium channels which stops sodium entering cell Example: novocain and xylocaine
55
All or none law
Law for action potentials, if the threshold is reached it works, of it isn't reached nothing happens -they don't decrease as they travel, stay the same and are the same no matter the strength of stim
56
How are different messages conveyed with action potentials?
Frequency or rhythm
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Refractory periods
Time when neuron to re-excitation and will not produce action potential
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Absolute refractory period
First part of the period on which membrane cannot produce an action potential, regardless of stimulation
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Relative refractory period
Second part in which it takes a stronger than usual stimulus to trigger an action (takes about 2 to 4 milliseconds)
60
Propagation of action potential
Starts axon hillock - propagated down the axon - regenerated along the way like the way like 'the wave'
61
Action potential on un- myelinated axons
Charge goes down, depolarizes areas on membranes it passes causing those membrane areas to reach excitation threshold and and generate their own action potential
62
Electrical resistance
Opposition to the passage of a steady electrical current | -influenced by axon diameter and insulation (effect speed of propagation)
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Conduction velocity
How fast action potential is propagated (measured in meters per second) = distance action pot. Moves/ time it take to travel the distance
64
Multiple Sclerosis
Occurs when myelin sheath is destroyed. Progressive disease in early adult life. -breaks down and then hardening of sheath and axons into scar tissue
65
Symptoms of MS (multiple sclerosis)
Muscular weakness, visual dis, urinary incontin, tremor, loss of motor control (remission up to 2 years) Cause unknown, maybe autoimmune problem. No cure
66
Antagonist (drug)
Drug that blocks effects of natural neurotransmitter
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Agonist (drug)
Drug that mimics or increases a Neurotransmitters effects
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Inverse agonist (drug)
Drug that produces opposite effect of natural Neurotransmitter
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Affinity (drug)
Refers to how tightly bound the drug is to the receptor, can be strong or weak
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Efficacy (drugs)
Refers to a drug's tendency to activate the receptor
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Other behaviors that release dopamine
Sexual excitement, gambling and video games and drugs
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Stimulant (drugs)
Drugs that increase excitement, alertness, motor activity, elevate mood Ex: amphetamine, cocaine, Ritalin, nicotine
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Hallucinogenic drugs
Drugs that cause distorted perception | LSD, ecstasy
74
Opiate (drugs)
Drugs derived from, or similar to, those from opium poppy, effects of decreasing pain perception Ex endorphins
75
Three ways that drugs can act on agonists or antagonists
1) alter release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic neuron 2) alter the binding of NT to Postsynaptic receptor 3) alter the events that occur after neurotransmission is complete
76
Drugs can alter release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic neuron
Alter synthesis of neurotransmitter (NT) Alter amount of NT released from axon terminal (ecstasy releases dopamine with low dose etc)
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Caffeine effect
Blocks glutamate which makes you tired, example of disinhibition
78
Cholinergic
Having to do with acetylcholine (ACh) Effect two major cholinergic receptors: muscarinic=metabotropic, nicotinic=ionotropic
79
Three sites with no brain blood barrier
Pineal gland: chemicals for day-night cycles Area postrema: entry of toxic substances to induce vomiting Pituitary: allows entry of Chemicals that influence pituitary hormones
80
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Activates muscles In central nervous system: enhances sensory perceptions when we wake up and in sustaining attention. Plasticity, arousal, reward. One member family, similar to amino acid
81
Capsaicin
Used as a way to deter abuse of certain drugs
82
Catecholamine
Group containing epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine and dopamine
83
Dopamine (DA)
Monoamine neurotransmitter, responsible for reward-driven learning -stimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine act directly on dopamine system
84
Enkephalin
There are lucine and methionine ones, met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin. They are peptides Regulates process of encoding and processing noxious stimuli
85
GABA
Chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in central nervous system. An amino acid.
86
Glutamate
Excitatory transmitter in the brain, major mediator of excitatory signals in mammalian central nervous system
87
Nitric oxide
Free radical Important biological regulator A gas released by local neurons
88
Norepinephrine (NE)
Stress hormone, attention Alertness, arousal and influences or reward system
89
Prozac
Antidepressant that's a serotonin reuptake inhibitor
90
Serotonin
Known as 5-HT
91
Substance P
A neuropeptide, Neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. Associated with inflammatory process and pain

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