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Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

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1
Q

4 principle parts of the brain

A

cerebellum
cerebrum
brainstem: pons, medulla and midbrain
diencephalon: hypothalamus, thalamus, pineal gland

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2
Q

coverings of the brain

A

bone, meninges and fluid

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3
Q

3 parts of meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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4
Q

dura mater extensions

A

falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli

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5
Q

functions of cerebrospinal fluid

A

mechanical protection: floats brain and softens hits on bony wall
chemical protection: optimal ionic concentrations fro action potetnials
circulation: nutrients and products to and from bloodstream

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6
Q

production of CSF

A

produced from choroid plexus- capillaries covered in ependymal cells

found in the lateral, third and fourth ventricles

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7
Q

parts for release of CSF

A

1 median aperture and 2 lateral apertures allow for it to exit from the interior of the brain

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8
Q

CSF is reabsorbed by the

A

arachnoid villi

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9
Q

components found in the medulla oblongata

A

-ascending sensory tracts
- descending motor tracts
- nuclei of 5 cranial nerves
- cardiovascular centre
- respiratory centre
- reflec centres

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10
Q

ventral surface buldge of the medulla oblongata

A

-pyramids
- large motor tracts
- decussation of most fibres

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11
Q

olivary nucleus

A
  • proprioreceptive signals
  • neurons send input to the cerebellum
  • gives precision to movements
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12
Q

ventral surface of the medulla oblongata

A

ventral surface bulge and the olive: olivary nucleus

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13
Q

dorsal surface of medulla oblongata

A

nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus which are sensory nuerons and relay infomation to the thalamus

cranial nerves 8-12 arise from the medulla

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14
Q

pons

A

-pneumotaxic and apneustic centres to control breathing
- middle cerebellar peduncles to carry sensory info to the cerebellum
- cranial nerves 5-7

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15
Q

midbrain

A

extends from pons to diencephalon

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16
Q

what connects to third ventricle to fourth ventricle

A

cerebral aqueduct

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17
Q

parts of midbrain

A

cerebral penduncles: clusters of motor and sensory neurons
- substantia nigra: helps control subconcious muscle activity
- red nucleus: rich blood supply and iron containing pigment. cortex and cerebellum coordinate muscle movemnst by sending them here.

corpora quadrigemina: made up of superior and inferior colliculi: coordinate eye and head movement with visual and sounds

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18
Q

what areas of the brain are the cranial nerves attached to

A

1,2 with the forebrain
3,4 with the midbrain
5-7 pons
8-12 dorsal medulla oblongata

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19
Q

six extrinsic eye muscles

A

4 rectus muscles (inferior, superior, lateral and medial)
2 oblique muscles (superior and inferior)

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20
Q

cranial nerves for eextrinsic eye muscles

A

lateral rectus - 6
medial rectus - 3
superior rectus - 3
inferior rectus - 3
inferior oblique - 3
superiod oblique- 4

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21
Q

reticular formation

A

complex netwrok of scattered nuclei in the medulla, pons and midbrain.
alerts cerebral cortex to sensory signals to awaken from sleep
,aintains consciousness

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22
Q

part fo cerebellum

A

2 hemispheres
2 lobes :anterior and posterior
vermis : the central area
cerebellar cortex (folia) - gray matter
arbor vitae- white matter
transverse fissure between cerebellum and cerebrun

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23
Q

function of the cerebellum

A

sense of equilibium, fine tunes body movements and manages balance and posture

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24
Q

3 cerebellar peduncles

A

superior - carries motor fibres that extend to motor control areas
middle - carries sensory fibres from the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia
inferior- sensory information from the spinal chord

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25
what parts surround the 3rd ventricle
the diencephalon the superior part is the thalamus and the walls and floor is the hypothalamus
26
what si the thalamus
mass fo gray matter on each side of the brain. relay station for sensory information before going to the cortex, crude perception of some sensations
27
functions of thalamic nuclei
-relay auditory, visual impulses and taste and somatic sensations - receive impulses from the cerebellum and basal ganglia - the anterior nucleus is concerned with emotions, memory and cognition
28
how many nuclei in the 4 major regions of the hypothalamus
about a dozen or so
29
relay station for olfactory reflexes in the hypothalamus
mamillary bodies
30
what structure suspends the pituitary gland
infundibulum
31
functions of the hypothalamus
- regulates daily patterns of sleep - body temperature -feeding, thirst and satiety centres - regulates rage, agression, pain and arousal -contains cell bodies of axons that end in the posterior pituitary and secrete hormones -synthesizes regulatory hormones that control the anterior pituitary gland - controls and integrates activity of the autonomic nervous system which regulates smooth and acardiac muscle and glands
32
strcuturs in the epithalamus
pineal gland which secretes melatonin in the dark and promotes sleepiness and sets the biological clock. habenular nuclei: emotional rsponses to odours
33
function of subthalamus
work with the basal ganglia, cerebrun and cerebellum in controlling body movement
34
function of circumventricular organs
found in the walls of the 3rd and 4th ventricles moniter changes in blood chemistry due to a lakc of blood brain barrier
35
corpus collasum
band of white matter connecting the left and right hemispheres
36
4 lobes of the brain
occipital temporal frontal and parietal
37
sulci that speerate the lobes
-longitudinal fissure seperates left and right -central sulcus between the frontal and parietal lobes (has precentral and postcentral gyri) -parieto-occipital sulcus between parietal and occipital lobes - lateral sulcus seperating the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe
38
structure found witihin the lateral sulcus
insula
39
structure found witihin the lateral sulcus
insula
40
3 types of fibres in cerebral white matter
-association fibres between gyri in the same hemisphere - commissural fibres between one heisphere nd another -projection fibres from descending and ascneding tracts
41
connections of the basal ganglia
connections to the red nucleus, substantia nigra and subthalamus has an input nad output with the hypothalamus, thalamus and cerebral cortex
42
function fo the basal ganglia
control large automatic movements of the skeletal muscles
43
parts of the limbic system
hippocampus cingulate gyrus mamillary body of hypothalamus parahippocampal gyrus amygdala olfactory bulb
44
functions of the limbic system
strong emotions, stromg pain, straong emotions also increase memory
45
4 primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex
primary somatosensory area - postcentral gyrus- 1,2,3 primary visual area 17 primary auditory area 41 42 primary gustatory area 43
46
2 main motor areas of the cerebral cortex
primary motor area - precentral gyrus - 4 ( voluntary contractions of skletal muscle) motor speech area - 44- Broca's area- production ofspeech
47
association areas of the cerebral cortex
- somatosensory areas 5 and 7 to interpret and integrate - visual associaition area 18 and 19 to recognize and evaluate - WErnicke's auditory association area 22 where words beocme speech -gnostic area 5,7,39,40 integrate all senses and respond - premotor area 6 learn skilled movements - frontal eye field 8
48
where are language areas located
left cerebral hemisphere in most people
49
what is aphasia
inability to use or comprehend words
50
types of aphasia
nonfluent aphasia is the inability to properly form words (damage to Brocca's speech area, know what to say but cant speak it) fluent aphasia- faulty understanding of spoken or written workds (word deafness or word blindness) - damage to common integrative area or auditory associaition area
51
hemisphere lateralization right vs left
left- math and science skills, spoken and written language, reasoning right- music and artistry, spac and pattern perception, recognition of faes and emotions, generating emotional content of language
52
4 waves of electroencephalogram
alpha - awake and resting beta mental activity theta emotional stress delta deep sleep
53
cranial nerves names
1- olfactory nerve 2- optic nerve 3- oculomotor 4- trochlear nerve 5- trigeminal 6- adducens nerve 7- facial 8- vestibulocochlear nerve 9- glossopharengeal nerve 10- vagus nerve 11- spinal accessory nerve 12- hypoglossal nerve oh oh oh to touch and feel very good velvet ah such heaven
54
1 olfactory nerv
sense of smell
55
2 optic nerve
sense of vision - retina
56
3 oculomotor
4 extrinsic eye muscles 2 instrinsic eye muslces (pupil and retina) raises eyelid
57
4 trochlear
superior oblique eye muscle
58
5 trigeminal
motor- muscles of mastication sensory- ophtalmic, maxillary, mandibular
59
6 adducens
lateral rectus eye muscle
60
7 facial nerve
motor- facial muscles, salivary and nasal mucus glands and tear glands sensory - anterior 2/3 of tongue
61
8 vestibulocochlear nerve
cochlear nerve - hearing (damage leads to tinnitus or deafness) vestibular nerve- balance (damage leads to vertigo or ataxia
62
9 glossopharangeal nerve
stylopharyngeal muscle lifts the throats whiel swallowing secretion sof th eparotid gland somatic sensation in posterior 1/3 of the tongue
63
10 vagus nerve
receives sensations from viscera controls cardiac muscle and smooth muscle of viscera secretions of digestive fluid
64
11 spinal accessory
cranial portion- arises in medulla and controls throat and soft palate spinal portion- arises from cervical spinal chord and controls sternocleidomastoid and trapezoids
65
12 hypoglossal
muscles of tongue during speech and swallowing
66
development of nervesous system
begins in 3rd week ectoderm forms a thickening (neural plate) plate folds inwards to form neural groove edges fold and form nueral tube neural crest tissue froms on top
67
what does neural crest tissue form
spinal and cranial nerves dorsal root and vranial nerve ganglia adrenal gland medulla
68
layers of neural tube form:-
marginal layer which forms white matter mantle layer forms gray matter ependymal layer forms lining of cavities within NS
69
3 anterior enlargements by the end of the 4th week
-prosencephalon - forebrain -mesencephalon- midbrain -rhombencephalon- hindbrain
70
5 enlarged areas by the end of 5th week
prosencephalon--> telencephalon and diencephalon mesencephalon rhombencephalon--> metencephalon and myelencephalon
71
cerebrovascular accident
lack of blood flow to the brain which damages brain tissue cause by two types of strokes: ischemic(decreased blood flow) hemorrhagic(rupture of vessel)
72
transient ischemic attack
episode of temporary cerebral dysfunction caused by impaired blood flwo to the brain

Anatomy (8 decks)

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