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M3 Anatomy > Brain and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the ‘grooves’ of the brain

A

Sulci

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2
Q

Name the ‘bumps’ of the brain

A

Gyri

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3
Q

Name the 4 lobes of the cerebrum

A

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital

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4
Q

Name the 3 parts of the brain

A

Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Brain Stem

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5
Q

Name the 3 parts of the brain stem

A

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata

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6
Q

Give the functions of the midbrain

A

important functions in motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing

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7
Q

Give the functions of the pons

A

involved in the control of breathing, communication between different parts of the brain, and sensations such as hearing, taste and balance

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8
Q

Give the functions of the medulla oblongata

A

helps regulate breathing, heart and blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing and swallowing

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9
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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10
Q

Name the cranial nerves in order

A 
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Spinal Accessory
Hypoglossal
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11
Q

What are meninges?

A

protective coverings for the brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

Name the 3 layers of meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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13
Q

Describe the dura mater

A
  • most superficial layer
  • it is innervated by the trigeminal nerve branches
  • supplies and drained by the middle meningeal artery and vein
  • 2 layers
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14
Q

Give the 2 layers of dura mater

A

periosteal layer - stuck firmly to the inner aspect of the cranial bones
meningeal layer - stuck firmly to the periosteal layer

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15
Q

Give 3 instances in which the meningeal layer is not stuck firmly to the periosteal layer

A
  • when folded on itself as the falx cerebri and the tentorium cerebelli
  • when it separates to form the dural venous sinuses
  • middle meningeal artery runs between the 2 layers
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16
Q

Describe the arachnoid mater

A
  • deep to dura mater

* contains arachnoid granulations which reabsorb cerebrospinal fluid

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17
Q

Name the space deep to the arachnoid mater and give what it contains

A

Subarachnoid space

Contains CSF

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18
Q

Describe the pia mater

A
  • deepest layer
  • coats the brain tightly following the sulci
  • coats the blood vessels/nerves entering and leaving the brain
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19
Q

Name the circle of anastomosed arteries supplying the brain

A

The Circle of Willis

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20
Q

Describe the Circle of Willis, beginning at the most anterior part

A
  • R and L anterior cerebral arteries
  • anterior communicating artery
  • R and L internal carotid arteries
  • R and L middle cerebral arteries
  • R and L posterior communicating arteries
  • R and L posterior cerebral arteries
  • Basilar artery
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21
Q

What do the anterior cerebral arteries supply?

A

The medial aspects of the right and left cerebral hemispheres

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22
Q

What do the middle cerebral arteries supply?

A

The lateral aspects of the right and left cerebral hemispheres

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23
Q

What do the posterior cerebral arteries supply?

A

The posterior aspects of the right and left cerebral hemispheres, including the visual cortex

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24
Q

What is the name for the midline structure composed of dura mater folded in on itself?

A

Falx Cerebri

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25
What is the name for the dura mater folded in on itself just above the cerebellum?
Tentorium Cerebelli
26
Where do the dural venous sinuses mostly drain to?
Internal jugular vein
27
Where does the superior sagittal sinus run from?
Within the upper border of the falx cerebri; from the crista gali to the internal occipital protuberance
28
Describe arachnoid granulations?
Where the arachnoid projects through the meningeal layer of dura mater
29
Where are arachnoid granulations most commonly found?
in the superior sagittal sinus
30
What do arachnoid granulations transported back into the venous system?
CSF
31
Where is the inferior sagittal sinus located?
On the free edge of the falx cerebri
32
What vein meets the inferior sagittal sinus posteriorly?
the great cerebral vein
33
What is formed where the inferior sagittal sinus and the great cerebral vein unite?
straight sinus
34
Where does the straight sinus run from?
At the attachment between the falx cerebri and the tentorium cerebelli
35
Where does the occipital sinus run from?
Located posteriorly, very close to cerebellum. | Runs behind the cerebellum to the internal occipital protuberance
36
What is the name of the venous structure at the internal occipital protuberance?
The confluence of sinuses
37
Where can blood flow laterally from the confluence of sinuses?
To the R or L transverse sinuses
38
Where do the bilateral transverse sinuses run from?
From the confluence of sinuses, along the occipital bone to the inferior angle of the parietal bone
39
In what direction does the majority of blood flow from the confluence of sinuses?
LEFT, to the left transverse sinus
40
What shape does the sigmoid sinus take?
An S shape
41
Where does the transverse sinus end to become the sigmoid sinus?
The inferior angle of the parietal bone
42
Where does the sigmoid sinus run?
Along the temporal bone until it forms into the internal jugular vein
43
Where is the cavernous sinus located?
Lateral to the sella turcica
44
What is the cavernous sinus?
A plexus of veins
45
What are the 2 possible routes for drainage of the cavernous sinus?
1 - into the sigmoid sinus sinus via the superior petrosal sinus (runs along the tentorium cerebelli) 2- directly into the internal jugular vein via the inferior petrosal sinus
46
Describe what is meant by a ventricle?
A ventricle is a hollow cavity within an organ, usually filled with a fluid
47
How many ventricles does the brain have?
4 interconnected ventricles filled with CSF
48
Give the names of the 4 ventricles of the brain
Right lateral ventricle Left lateral ventricle Third ventricle Fourth ventricle
49
What is the general shape of the lateral ventricles?
C shaped with 3 horns projecting into lobes of brain
50
What are the 3 horns of the lateral ventricles?
Anterior, posterior and inferior
51
Where is the 3rd ventricle located?
near the centre of the brain
52
Where is the 4th ventricle located?
Deep to the cerebellum
53
What are the 6 modalities of the cranial nerves?
``` Somatic sensory Somatic motor Parasympathetic Special sensory Visceral sensory Mixed ```
54
Give a description and example of SOMATIC SENSORY
FROM skin, mucosa, fascia, bone or skeletal muscle | e.g. mental nerve
55
Give a description and example of SOMATIC MOTOR
TO skeletal muscle | e.g. spinal accessory
56
Give a description and example of PARASYMPATHETIC
autonomic NS - rest and digest | e.g. to glands!
57
Give a description and example of SPECIAL SENSORY
FROM special sense organs | e.g. optic nerve
58
Give a description and example of MIXED
contains a mix of any of the other modalities | e.g. trigeminal nerve
59
Give a description and example of VISCERAL SENSORY
FROM carotid body/sinus, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, heart, GI tract e.g. glossopharyngeal and vagus
60
Give the modality(ies) of CNI
special sensory
61
Give the modality(ies) of CNII
special sensory
62
Give the modality(ies) of CNIII
MIXED - somatic motor, parasympathetic
63
Give the modality(ies) of CNIV
somatic motor
64
Give the modality(ies) of CNV
MIXED - somatic motor, somatic sensory
65
Give the modality(ies) of CNVI
somatic motor
66
Give the modality(ies) of CNVII
MIXED - somatic motor, somatic sensory, special sensory, parasympathetics
67
Give the modality(ies) of CNVIII
special sensory
68
Give the modality(ies) of CNIX
MIXED - somatic motor, somatic sensory, special sensory, parasympathetics
69
Give the modality(ies) of CNX
MIXED - somatic motor, somatic sensory, special sensory, parasympathetics
70
Give the modality(ies) of CNXI
somatic motor
71
Give the modality(ies) of CNXII
somatic motor
72
The foramina of which cranial nerves are found within the anterior cranial fossa?
CNI
73
The foramina of which cranial nerves are found within the middle cranial fossa?
CNII - CNVI (including V1, V2, V3)
74
The foramina of which cranial nerves are found within the posterior cranial fossa?
CNVII - CNXII
75
What foramen does CNV1 exit the cranial cavity through?
The superior orbital fissure
76
What foramen does CNV2 exit the cranial cavity through?
The foramen rotundum
77
What foramen does CNV3 exit the cranial cavity through?
The foramen ovale
78
What can happen as a result of infection in the eyes, nose, mouth or ears with regards to the cavernous sinus?
A thrombus may form in the cavernous sinus and compress the cranial nerves which pass through the cavernous sinus, leading to cranial nerve palsy

M3 Anatomy (7 decks)

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