Brain and Language

Question 1

Reflexes are

Answer 1

preprogrammed, involuntary, stereotype, responses to specific stimuli

Question 2

Newborn reflexes

Answer 2

grasping, rooting, sucking, stepping, swimming, moro (startle), babinski (stroke side of feet, toes will fan out), tonic neck (if you turn the babies head that side of their body will extend)

Question 3

When do newborn reflexes disappear?

Answer 3

By the end of first year (2-6 month range)

Question 4

What shift in control happens?

Answer 4

Subcortical to cortical structures

Question 5

What is SIDS?

Answer 5

Unexplained death that occurs from birth to 1 year

Question 6

When is SIDS at the highest risk?

Answer 6

2 to 6 months

Question 7

Triple Risk SIDS Model

Answer 7

1. Critical period of development when moving to cortical structures 2. Individual underlying vulnerability 3. environmental challenge to breathing

Question 8

Risk factors for SIDS

Answer 8

stomach sleeping, soft mattresses, cigarette smoke, low birth weight, bed sharing

Question 9

COL 1. Phonology

Answer 9

phonemes- fundamental units of sound in a given language and rules for combining them

Question 10

COL 2. Semantics

Answer 10

meanings of individual words and combinations

Question 11

COL 3. Grammar

Answer 11

rules about language structure, morphology, morpheme- fundamental unit of meaning and rules for combining to build words, syntax- rules for combining words into sentences/phrases

Question 12

COL 4. Prosody

Answer 12

patterns of intonation, stress, etc, rhythmic aspect of language can convey meaning

Question 13

COL 5. Pragmatics

Answer 13

social conventions around language use

Question 14

PS 1. Perception

Answer 14

innate sensitivity to language, newborns prefer speech sounds, young infants “universal listeners”, by 10-12 months specialize

Question 15

PS 2. Production

Answer 15

6-8 weeks cooing, 3-6 months babbling, 9-10 months speech like babbling

Question 16

PS 3. Gestures

Answer 16

proto imperative pointing (using a gesture as a command or request), proto declarative (gesture to show/invite interest and attention)

Question 17

Habituation

Answer 17

gradual decline in response to a repeated stimulus

Question 18

Dishabituation

Answer 18

recovery of response when stimulus changes

Question 19

Slower Habituation is seen in

Answer 19

preterm, younger, low birth weight, some brain injury

Question 20

Classical Conditioning

Answer 20

unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response)

Question 21

Reinforcement

Answer 21

increases frequency of behavior. positive reinforcement: ADD increases behavior with an added reward, negative reinforcement: REMOVE increases behavior when something negative is taken away

Question 22

Punishment

Answer 22

decrease frequency of behavior, positive punishment: ADDING something to stop a behavior, negative punishment: REMOVE something to stop a behavior

Question 23

Imitation

Answer 23

present early in infancy, probably from birth (newborn facial imitation)

Question 24

Differed imitation

Answer 24

behavior is modeled, stop, then chance to imitate

Question 25

Excitatory connections

Answer 25

"fire" send it on

Question 26

Inhibitory connections

Answer 26

"don't fire"

Question 27

SSRI's are

Answer 27

reuptake blockers, more neurotransmitters stay in synapse for longer, more time to take effect (some drugs can block receptors)

Question 28

10 m/sec without

Answer 28

insulation (unmyelinated axon)

Question 29

Glial cell

Answer 29

creates fatty insulation, makes neuron process faster

Question 30

Myelin

Answer 30

fatty insulation

Question 31

100 m/sec or more with

Answer 31

myelinated axon

Question 32

proliferation

Answer 32

generating neurons, happening prenatally

Question 33

Migration

Answer 33

neurons travel to final location in brain

Question 34

Differentiation

Answer 34

neurons take on specialized form and function

Question 35

Synaptogenesis

Answer 35

creating connections between neurons prenatal and postnatal

Question 36

Preterm Birth

Answer 36

<37 weeks gestational age (10% in US)

Question 37

Preterm Birth Causes and Risks

Answer 37

50% unknown, infection/uterine overdistension/fetal abnormalities, maternal health issues, previous preterm birth, multiples (twins), lack of prenatal care, young or old mothers (17 and under or 35 and older)

Question 38

One word Stage

Answer 38

12-20 months, familiar people, pets, objects, some actions (give), modifiers (dirty, all gone), social (hi/bye)

Question 39

Whole Object Bias

Answer 39

referring to whole object or being rather than a part of it

Question 40

Mutual exclusivity bias

Answer 40

each object has one label

Question 41

18-20 months

Answer 41

Vocabulary spurt/explosion

Question 42

One Word Stage Common errors

Answer 42

overextension error- apply label too broadly

Question 43

Underextension error

Answer 43

Apply label too narrowly

Question 44

Productive Language

Answer 44

what you can say

Question 45

Two Word Stage Telegraphic Speech

Answer 45

beyond two words add adjectives, pronouns, conjunctions, questions, verb inflections

Question 46

Theoretical Perspectives

Answer 46

Language is acquisition, universal, orderly, rapid, effortless, largely untaught, generative

Question 47

Two word stage common errors

Answer 47

Over regularization- used irregular verbs correctly now apply the regular rule too broadly

Question 48

Broca's area

Answer 48

left frontal, near motor cortex, Broca's/expressive aphasia

Question 49

Wernicke's Area

Answer 49

Left temporal, near auditory cortex, wernick's/receptive aphasia

Question 50

Linguistic Theory

Answer 50

language learning is modular, language learning module, input: language and environment, processing: language module, output: comprehension

Question 51

"universal grammer"

Answer 51

basic template for language