Cognition and emotion

Question 1

Who is Piaget?

Answer 1

first comprehensive theory of cognitive development, asks WHY?

Question 2

Intelligence is

Answer 2

a form of biological adaptation

Question 3

Development is

Answer 3

stage like (staircase)

Question 4

scheme =

Answer 4

basic mental structure/template for action and thinking

Question 5

assimilation

Answer 5

incorporate new info to existing schemes

Question 6

accommodation

Answer 6

old scheme, no longer sufficient, update/modify

Question 7

Stages: Sensorimotor (birth to 2 yrs)

Answer 7

based in action, more reflexive to more voluntary, development of object concept, means- end behavior

Question 8

Stages: Preoperational (2 to 7 yrs)

Answer 8

based in symbols, egocentrism, conservation tasks, centration- focus on states not what links them, lack of reversibility

Question 9

Stages: Concrete Operational (7 to 11 yrs)

Answer 9

solve conservation tasks, perform mental operations- if supported by something concrete (object, mental image, etc.), less egocentric

Question 10

Stages: Formal Operational (11-adult)

Answer 10

logical, abstract, hypothetical thought

Question 11

Object concept to object permanence

Answer 11

don’t search for hidden toy before 8-9 months

Question 12

Memory development

Answer 12

increase delays, decrease need for context, increase mental capacity processing speed and strategies (production deficiency, utilization)

Question 13

Infantile amnesia

Answer 13

no memory recall for events before 2 1/2 to 3ish years

Question 14

development of “self”

Answer 14

15-18 months, pass “mirror rouge” test, self is organizing structure for memories

Question 15

social-constructive theory

Answer 15

understanding of narratives, learning through conversation about shared past events, pragmatic style and narrative style

Question 16

Social cognition

Answer 16

Theory of mind, understanding mental states of self and others, understanding others’ intentions (12 m), innate attraction to social cues (faces), declarative pointing (9 m), pretend play (2-3 yr), “language of mind”

Question 17

False Belief

Answer 17

“Sally-Anne task” (not understanding individual perspectives- sally last saw Anne in the fridge but they don’t think sally would look in the fridge first), 3 yr olds will fail- non-representational, understanding of mental states, 5-6 yr olds pass -representational

Question 18

Representational change

Answer 18

“I used to think x, but now I know/think y”

Question 19

Autism spectrum (more of a wheel than a line)

Answer 19

Sensory sensitivity, social skills (flat affect, repetitive, solitary play, lack of imagination, difficulty w socialization), motor skills (epilepsy common, fine/gross delays, repetitive stereotypes movements), cognitive function (range of IQ’s, hyper-focus, restricted interest, ADHD common), Language skills (language delays, echolalia), executive function

Question 20

Autism biological bases

Answer 20

polygenic, higher concordance for MZ v DZ), structural and functional brain differences, higher risk for preterm, LBW, chromosomal disorders

Question 21

Unrelated to Autism

Answer 21

diet, vaccines, media exposure, parenting behavior

Question 22

Theory of Mind Assessments Autism

Answer 22

poor performance on all ToM tasks, show no implicit awareness of false belief

Question 23

Emotional Perception Autism

Answer 23

difficulty judging emotional expressions, difficulty interpreting social cues

Question 24

Attributing mental state to others Autism

Answer 24

failure to “mentalize”, differences in social perception, not just social cognition

Question 25

Autism early signs

Answer 25

absence of joint attention (watching where others are looking), absence of declarative gesturing, absence of imitation, absence of pretend play, may not orient to eye contact, may not orient to hearing own name, physiological component, experimental (subjective feelings, cognitive interpretation), expressive (facial expressions, body language)

Question 26

Theoretical perspectives

Answer 26

basic emotions biological preprogrammed, "universal facial/emotional expressions", happiness sadness anger fear surprise disgust are universally recognized, innate expressions are useful and adaptive, event goes to cognitive processes goes to emotion goes to facial expression, to others it is event goes to facial expression to emotional interpretation

Question 27

Cognitive social

Answer 27

Cognitive factors, social context, social learning, cognitive processes are mediators between event and emotion

Question 28

Developmental Timeline

Answer 28

emotional expression, 1st basis/primary emotions= interest, distress, disgust, joy, sadness, anger, surprise. newborns: smiling (mostly in sleep), 2wks: pleasant experiences, 3 months: social smile subcortical to cortical and reflexive to voluntary

Question 29

Social Referencing

Answer 29

Baby cliff experiment, use parents reaction as a gauge whether to go or not

Question 30

Temperament

Answer 30

Easy- positive moods, regular schedule, moderate energy levels, positive toward new situations Difficult- negative moods, higher-intensity reactions, irregular schedule, negative toward new situations Slow to warm up- negative mood, lower energy/intensity, withdraw from new situations, but become more positive with time and exposure

Question 31

Ethological Perspective

Answer 31

established through patterns of caregiver- infant interactions, signaling behaviors, attract and maintain caregiver attention

Question 32

Attachment Theoretical Perspectives

Answer 32

learning theory, primary reinforces- satisfies biological need (food), secondary reinforcers- become reinforcing through association with caregiver

Question 33

Attachment Style: Strange Situation

Answer 33

separation anxiety, reunion behavior, stranger anxiety

Question 34

Attachment Style: Secure

Answer 34

use caregiver as secure base for exploration, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety, positive reunion (65%)

Question 35

Attachment Style: Insecure

Answer 35

avoidant, little interaction w/caregiver, less separation anxiety, anger/rejection @ reunion (10%)

Question 36

Attachment Style: Disorganized

Answer 36

stressful, fearful, confused, mix of avoidant + ambivalent behaviors (5%)