Brain and Nervous System

Question 1

Central nervous system interacts with the rest of the body via the _.

Answer 1

peripheral nervous system

Question 2

Central Nervous System

The brain develops from three bulges: _, _, _.

Answer 2

Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

Question 3

Three Bulges of the Brain

_ is the forebrain.

Answer 3

Prosencephalon

Question 4

Three Bulges of the Brain

_ is the midbrain.

Answer 4

Mesencephalon

Question 5

Three Bulges of the Brain

_ is hindbrain.

Answer 5

Rhombencephalon

Question 6

Central Nervous System

All neurons connect to and interact with
_.

Answer 6

other neurons

• The function of the neuron within the nervous system depends on theconnections to that neuron.
• The functions and structure of the brain have been shaped by evolution.

Question 7

Getting Oriented in the Brain

There are specialized terms for directions within the nervous system:

Answer 7

Rostral – Caudal: Nose – tail axis
Dorsal – Ventral: Back – belly axis
Anterior – Posterior: Front – back axis
Superior – Inferior: Top – bottom axis

Question 8

Getting Oriented in the Brain

_ is the nose-tail axis.

Answer 8

Rostral-caudal

Question 9

Getting Oriented in the Brain

_ is the back-belly axis.

Answer 9

Dorsal-Ventral

Question 10

Getting Oriented in the Brain

_ is the front-back axis.

Answer 10

Anterior-Posterior

Question 11

Getting Oriented in the Brain

_ is top-bottom axis.

Answer 11

Superior-Interior

Question 12

Getting Oriented in the Brain

_ is the direction towards the middle.

Answer 12

Medial

Question 13

Getting Oriented in the Brain

_ the direction towards the side.

Answer 13

Lateral

Question 14

Getting Oriented in the Brain

_ is the direction on the same side.

Answer 14

Ipsilateral

Question 15

Getting Oriented in the Brain

_ is the direction on the opposite side.

Answer 15

Contralateral

Question 16

Getting Oriented in the Brain

_ is the direction far end of the limb.

Answer 16

Distal

Question 17

Getting Oriented in the Brain

_ is the direction nearest point of the limb, where it attaches to the body.

Answer 17

Proximal

Question 18

Getting Oriented in the Brain: Common Planes

_ is a horizontal slice, parallel to the floor when standing up, from the front to the back of the brain.

Answer 18

Axial

Question 19

Getting Oriented in the Brain: Common Planes

_ is a vertical slice through the brain, separating the left side from the right side.

Answer 19

Saggital

Question 20

Getting Oriented in the Brain: Common Planes

_ is a vertical slice, separating the front from the back of the brain.

Answer 20

Frontal (Coronal)

Question 21

_ is a separate systems for the inner and outer environments; is a nervous system with segmental organization.

Answer 21

The Peripheral Nervous System

Question 22

Peripheral Nervous System

_ collect information from outside and inside the body.

Answer 22

Sensory neurons

Question 23

Peripheral Nervous System

_ carry singals to the muscles to enable movement.

Answer 23

Motor neurons

Question 24

Peripheral Nervous System

_ are specialized chemicals released by neurons to communicate with other cells.

Answer 24

Neurotransmitters

Question 25

# Peripheral Nervous System _ deals with external world, where sensory and motor neurons carry information about voluntary movement and conscious awareness.

Answer 25

Somatic Nervous System

Question 26

# Peripheral Nervous System _ deals with internal world where sensory and motor neurons guide automatic processes.

Answer 26

Autonomic Nervous System

Question 27

# Peripheral Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous System _ gets the body ready to react to threats and increases heart and respiration rates and increases blood pressure.

Answer 27

Sympathetic Branch

Question 28

# Peripheral Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous System _ calms the body and slows heart and respiration rate and increased digestion.

Answer 28

Parasympathetic Branch

Question 29

# Nervous System: Segmental Organization The spine is divided into four segments:

Answer 29

Cervical Thoracic Lumpar Sacral

Question 30

# Nervous System: Segmental Organization Each peripheral nerve relates to a particular part of the body, known as a _.

Answer 30

dermatome

Question 31

# Spinal Reflexes The spinal cord is divided into _ and _.

Answer 31

Gray Matter White Matter

Question 32

# Spinal Reflexes: Spinal Cord The _ contains the cell bodies and dendrites of the neurons and is found near the center of the cord.

Answer 32

gray matter

Question 33

# Spinal Reflexes: Spinal Cord The _ contains the electrically-insulated long distance connections between neurons.

Answer 33

white matter

Question 34

# Spinal Reflexes: Spinal Cord The spinal cord is divided into _, with sensory input occurring on the dorsal side and motor output occurring from the dorsal side.

Answer 34

laminae

Question 35

# Spinal Reflexes: Spinal Cord The _ house the cell bodies for the peripheral sensory neurons.

Answer 35

dorsal root ganglia

Question 36

# Spinal Reflexes: Spinal Cord In a _, a sensory neuron connects with a motor neuron, allowing the sensory stimulation to trigger a movement.

Answer 36

reflex arc

Question 37

# Spinal Reflexes: Spinal Cord The _ is where you extend your leg after the doctor taps your knee with a hammer.

Answer 37

knee-jerk reflect

Question 38

# Spinal Reflexes Reflexes can have one or more connections or _ between the sensation and the motor response.

Answer 38

synapses

Question 39

# Spinal Reflexes _ are neurons that are between the sensory input and the motor output which can excitatory and inhibitory.

Answer 39

Interneurons

Question 40

# Central Pattern Generators An _ fires spontaneously, until becoming fatigued and stopped by an inhibitory interneuron.

Answer 40

excitatory neuron

Question 41

# Spinal Reflexes _ cross te midline to inhibit the central pattern generator on the contralaleral side, to allow for rhythmic muscle contractions.

Answer 41

Inhibitory interneurons

Question 42

# The Brainstem The hindbrain is formed by the _ and the _.

Answer 42

medulla oblongata pons

Question 43

# Hindbrain The _ controls involuntary functions that are important for life, such as breathing and heart rate.

Answer 43

medulla

Question 44

# Hindbrain The _ relays information between the cerebrum and the cerebellum.

Answer 44

pons

Question 45

# Midbrain The _ locates visual stimuli to help coordinate complex movements.

Answer 45

superior colliculus

Question 46

# Midbrain The _ locates auditory stimuli.

Answer 46

inferior colliculus

Question 47

# Midbrain _ influence activity of central pattern generators in brain stem and spinal cord.

Answer 47

Command generators

Question 48

# Midbrain _ influences complex behaviors such as defense, aggression, or reproduction.

Answer 48

Periaqueductal gray matter

Question 49

# Midbrain _ regulated consciousness.

Answer 49

Reticular formation

Question 50

The _ is circuitry of the "Little Brain".

Answer 50

cerebellum

Question 51

The _ contains more neurons than does the cortex.

Answer 51

cerebellum

Question 52

The diencephalon contains the _ and the _.

Answer 52

hypothalamus thalamus

Question 53

# Hypothalamus _ is the process of maintaining the body within a narrow range of physiological parameters such as temperature, thirst, hunger, etc.

Answer 53

Homeostasis

Question 54

# Diencephalon Nuclei within the _ regulate homeostatis by comparing the body's state with set points.

Answer 54

hypothalamus

Question 55

# Hypothalamus If the body deviates from the set point, _ can happen via autonomic responses, endocrine responsesm or behavioral responses.

Answer 55

compensation

Question 56

# Diencephalon _ relays sensory signals to the brain and motor signals to the body.

Answer 56

Thalamus

Question 57

# Thalamus More than _ thalamic nuclei serve sensory, motor, motivation, and associational functions through reciprocal connections with the cortex.

Answer 57

50

Question 58

The telencephalon inclues _ and _.

Answer 58

cerebral cortex basal ganglia

Question 59

# Telencephalon The _ is the thin outer covering of the brain this is necessary for human cognition; contains six layers of cells, known as gray matter, surrounding the inner white matter.

Answer 59

Cortex

Question 60

# Cerebral Cortex _ is the rounded convolutions of the cortex.

Answer 60

Gyri

Question 61

# Cerebral Cortex _ is the grooves between the gyri.

Answer 61

Sulci

Question 62

# Cerebral Cortex The lobes of the cerebral cortex are _, _, _, and _.

Answer 62

Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe

Question 63

# Cerebral Cortex _ is important for motor control and planning.

Answer 63

Frontal Lobe

Question 64

# Cerebral Cortex _ is important for processing somasensory information.

Answer 64

Parietal Lobe

Question 65

# Cerebral Cortex _ processes visual information.

Answer 65

Occipital Lobe

Question 66

# Cerebral Cortex _ processes auditory information.

Answer 66

Temporal Lobe

Question 67

# Telencephalon _ are the gray matter structures within the white matter of the cortex.

Answer 67

Basal ganglia

Question 68

# Telencephalon _ is important for initiating and maintaining activity in the corex, particularly in motor areas.

Answer 68

Basal Ganglia

Question 69

# Telencephalon _ is made up of the caudate and putament, known together as the striatum, and the globus pallidus.

Answer 69

Basal Ganglia

Question 70

_ combines sensory inputs from external and internal environments to help control the internal environment.

Answer 70

Limbic System

Question 71

_ and _ project to the limbic system.

Answer 71

Hypothalamus Limbic Nuclei

Question 72

_ is important for emotional evaluation and learning.

Answer 72

Amygdala