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Biological Psychology > (Summary) Vision > Flashcards

(Summary) Vision Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

__ is the radiation emitted in the form of energy waves.

A

Electromagnetic Radiation

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2
Q

__ is the distance between successive peaks of a wave and determines color in light.

A

Wavelength

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3
Q

__ is the height of a wave; in vision, it is the source of the subjective experience of brightness.

A

Amplitude

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4
Q

__ are individual, indivisible, very small particles that form waves of electromagnetic energy.

A

Photons

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5
Q

__ is a unit of measurement equaling 10 to the power of negative 9m used to measure wave frequency.

A

nanometer

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6
Q

__ is the ability to retain something rather than reflect or transmit it to another location.

A

absorption

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7
Q

__ is the bending back of light toward its source.

A

Reflection

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8
Q

__ is the deflection, or changing of direction, of light at a boundary such as that between air and water.

A

refraction

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9
Q

__ is the bony opening in the skull that houses the eyeballl.

A

Orbit

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10
Q

__ is a rapid closing of the eyelids.

A

Blink

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11
Q

__ is the white outer covering of the eye.

A

Sclera

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12
Q

__ is the transparent outer layer of the eye.

A

Cornea

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13
Q

__ is the area of the eye located directly behind the cornea, containing aqueous humor.

A

Anterior Chamber

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14
Q

__ is the fluid located in the anterior chamber that nourishes the cornea and lens.

A

Aqueous Humor

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15
Q

__ is the opening in the front of the eye controlled by the iris.

A

Pupil

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16
Q

__ is the circular muscle in the front of the eye that controls the opening of the pupil.

A

Iris

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17
Q

__ is the clear structure behind the pupil and iris that focuses light on the retina.

A

Lens

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18
Q

__ is the ability of the lens to change shape to adjust to the distance of the visual stimulus.

A

Accomodation

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19
Q

__ is the large inner cavity of the eyeball.

A

Vitreous Chamber

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20
Q

__ is the jellylike substance contained by the vitreous chamber.

A

Vitreous Humor

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21
Q

__ is the elaborate network of photoreceptors and interneurons at the back of the eye that is responsible for sensing light.

A

Retina

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22
Q

___ are specialized sensory cell in the retina that respond to light.

A

Photoreceptors

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23
Q

__ is the fiber pathway formed by the axons of the ganglion cells as they leave the eye.

A

Optic Nerve

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24
Q

__ is the area in the retina where blood vessels and the optic nerve exit the eye.

A

Optic Disk

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25
__ is a 6mm round area in the retina that is not covered by blood vessels and that is specialized for detailed vision.
Macula
26
__ is the ability to perceive visual stimuli focused on the macula of the retina.
Central Vision
27
__ the ability to perceive visual stimuli that are off to the side while looking straight ahead.
Peripheral Vision
28
__ is a small pit in the macula specialized for detailed vision.
Fovea
29
__ is the pigmented layer of cells supporting the photoreceptors of the retina.
Epithelium
30
__ is the layer of retinal interneurons farthest from the photoreceptors, which contains ganglion cells and gives rise to the optic nerve.
Ganglion Cell Later
31
__ is the location in the retina containing axons and dendrites that connect the ganglion, bipolar, and amacrine cells.
Inner Plexiform Layer
32
__ is a retinal interneuron in the inner nuclear layer that integrates signals across adjacent segments of the retina.
Amacrine Cell
33
__ is a cell in the inner nuclear layer of the retina that forms part of the straight pathway between the photoreceptors and the ganglion cells.
Bipolar cell
34
__ is the layer of retinal interneurons containing amacrine, bipolar, and horizontal cells.
Inner Nuclear Layer
35
__ is the retinal layer containing axons and dendrites forming connections between bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and the photoreceptors.
Outer Plexiform Layer
36
__ is a retinal interneuron located in the inner nuclear layer that integrates signals from across the surface of the retina.
Horizontal cell
37
__ is the location in the retina containing the cell bodies of the photoreceptors.
Outer Nuclear Area
38
__ is a photoreceptor that responds to low levels of light but not to color.
Rod
39
__ is a photoreceptor that operates in bright conditions and responds differentially to color.
Cone
40
__ is the portion of a photoreceptor containing photopigments.
Outer segment
41
__ is a pigment contained in the photoreceptors of the eye that absorbs light.
Scotopic vision
42
__ is the photopigment found in rods.
Rhodopsin
43
__ is the ability to perceive visual stimuli under bright light conditions due to the activity of cones.
Photopic vision
44
__ is the process of translating a physical stimulus into neural signals.
Transduction
45
__ is a protein found in photopigments.
Opsin
46
__ is a chemical contained in rhodopsin that interacts with absorbed light.
Retinal
47
__ is the form taken by retinal while i is bound to opsin in the absence of light.
11-cis
48
__ is the form taken by retinal after light is absorbed by the rod outer segment.
All-trans
49
__ is the steady depolarization maintained by photoreceptors when no light is present.
Dark Current
50
__ is a second messenger within photoreceptor that is responsible for maintaining the dark current by opening sodium channels.
cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)
51
__ is a location on the retina which light affects the activity of a particular visual interneuron.
Receptive field
52
__ is a characteristic of visual interneuron receptive fields, in which light illuminating the center has the opposite effect on the cell's activity as light in the surround.
Antagonistic center-surround organization
53
__ is the process in which active cells limit the activity of neighboring, less active cells.
Lateral inhibition
54
__ is retinal ganglion cell that is small and responds to high contrast and color.
P cell
55
__ is large ganglion cell that responds to all wavelengths regardless of color, subtle differences in contrast, and stimuli that come and go rapidly.
M cell
56
__ is a small percentage of ganglion cells that do not fit the criteria for P or M cells exactly and respond to blue and yellow light.
K cells
57
__ is the area the base of the brain where the optic nerves cross to form the optic tracts; the location of a partial decussation of the optic nerves in humans.
optic chiasm
58
__ is the fiber pathways between the optic chiasm and destinations in the forebrain and brainstem.
Optic tracts
59
__ is a structure in the tectum of the midbrain that guides movements of the eyes and head toward newly detected objects in the visual field.
Superior colliculus
60
__ is the nucleus within the thalamus that receives input from the optic tracts.
Lateral geniculate nucleus
61
__ is the two ventral layers of the LGN that receive input from M cells in the ganglion layer of the retina.
Magnocellular layers
62
__ is the four dorsal layers of the LGN that receive input from P cells in the ganglion layer of the retina.
Parvocellular layers
63
__ are layers of very small neurons between the larger six layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus that receive input from K cells in the ganglion layer of the retina.
Koniocellular layers
64
__ is the location in the occipital lobe for the initial cortical analysis of visual input. Also known as striate cortex.
Primary Visual Cortext
65
__ is another name for primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe.
striate cortex
66
__ is a cell that responds to stimuli in the shape of a bar or edge with a particular slant or orientation in a particular location on the retina.
simple cortical cell
67
__ is a cortical interneuron that shows a preferred stimulus size and orientation but not location within the visual field.
complex cortical cell
68
__ is a column of cortex perpendicular to the cortical surface that responds to input from either the right or left eye, but not to both.
ocular dominance column
69
__ is a column of primary visual cortex that responds to lines of a single angle.
Orientation column
70
__ a complete set of orientation columns.
hypercolumn
71
__ is an area of primary visual cortex rich in the enzyme cytochrome oxidase that responds to color.
Cytochrome oxidase blob
72
__ is a unit of primary visual cortex containing two sets of ocular dominance columns, 16 blobs, and two hypercolumns.
Cortical module
73
__ is a pathway leading from the primary visual cortex in a dorsal direction thought to participate in the perception of movement.
Dorsal stream
74
__ is a pathway of information from the primary visual cortex to the inferior temporal lobe that is believed to process object recognition.
Ventral stream
75
__ is an area in the medial temporal lobe believed to participate in motion analysis.
Area MT
76
__ is an area in the medial superior temporal lobe believed to participate in large-scale motion analysis.
Area MST
77
__ is an area in the inferior temporal lobe believed to participate in object recognition.
__ is an area in the inferior temporal lobe believed to participate in the recognition of familiar faces, especially in the right hemisphere.

Biological Psychology (5 decks)

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