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Biological Psychology > (Summary) Vision > Flashcards

(Summary) Vision Flashcards

1
Q

__ is the radiation emitted in the form of energy waves.

A

Electromagnetic Radiation

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2
Q

__ is the distance between successive peaks of a wave and determines color in light.

A

Wavelength

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3
Q

__ is the height of a wave; in vision, it is the source of the subjective experience of brightness.

A

Amplitude

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4
Q

__ are individual, indivisible, very small particles that form waves of electromagnetic energy.

A

Photons

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5
Q

__ is a unit of measurement equaling 10 to the power of negative 9m used to measure wave frequency.

A

nanometer

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6
Q

__ is the ability to retain something rather than reflect or transmit it to another location.

A

absorption

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7
Q

__ is the bending back of light toward its source.

A

Reflection

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8
Q

__ is the deflection, or changing of direction, of light at a boundary such as that between air and water.

A

refraction

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9
Q

__ is the bony opening in the skull that houses the eyeballl.

A

Orbit

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10
Q

__ is a rapid closing of the eyelids.

A

Blink

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11
Q

__ is the white outer covering of the eye.

A

Sclera

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12
Q

__ is the transparent outer layer of the eye.

A

Cornea

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13
Q

__ is the area of the eye located directly behind the cornea, containing aqueous humor.

A

Anterior Chamber

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14
Q

__ is the fluid located in the anterior chamber that nourishes the cornea and lens.

A

Aqueous Humor

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15
Q

__ is the opening in the front of the eye controlled by the iris.

A

Pupil

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16
Q

__ is the circular muscle in the front of the eye that controls the opening of the pupil.

A

Iris

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17
Q

__ is the clear structure behind the pupil and iris that focuses light on the retina.

A

Lens

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18
Q

__ is the ability of the lens to change shape to adjust to the distance of the visual stimulus.

A

Accomodation

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19
Q

__ is the large inner cavity of the eyeball.

A

Vitreous Chamber

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20
Q

__ is the jellylike substance contained by the vitreous chamber.

A

Vitreous Humor

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21
Q

__ is the elaborate network of photoreceptors and interneurons at the back of the eye that is responsible for sensing light.

A

Retina

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22
Q

___ are specialized sensory cell in the retina that respond to light.

A

Photoreceptors

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23
Q

__ is the fiber pathway formed by the axons of the ganglion cells as they leave the eye.

A

Optic Nerve

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24
Q

__ is the area in the retina where blood vessels and the optic nerve exit the eye.

A

Optic Disk

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25
Q

__ is a 6mm round area in the retina that is not covered by blood vessels and that is specialized for detailed vision.

A

Macula

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26
Q

__ is the ability to perceive visual stimuli focused on the macula of the retina.

A

Central Vision

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27
Q

__ the ability to perceive visual stimuli that are off to the side while looking straight ahead.

A

Peripheral Vision

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28
Q

__ is a small pit in the macula specialized for detailed vision.

A

Fovea

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29
Q

__ is the pigmented layer of cells supporting the photoreceptors of the retina.

A

Epithelium

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30
Q

__ is the layer of retinal interneurons farthest from the photoreceptors, which contains ganglion cells and gives rise to the optic nerve.

A

Ganglion Cell Later

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31
Q

__ is the location in the retina containing axons and dendrites that connect the ganglion, bipolar, and amacrine cells.

A

Inner Plexiform Layer

32
Q

__ is a retinal interneuron in the inner nuclear layer that integrates signals across adjacent segments of the retina.

A

Amacrine Cell

33
Q

__ is a cell in the inner nuclear layer of the retina that forms part of the straight pathway between the photoreceptors and the ganglion cells.

A

Bipolar cell

34
Q

__ is the layer of retinal interneurons containing amacrine, bipolar, and horizontal cells.

A

Inner Nuclear Layer

35
Q

__ is the retinal layer containing axons and dendrites forming connections between bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and the photoreceptors.

A

Outer Plexiform Layer

36
Q

__ is a retinal interneuron located in the inner nuclear layer that integrates signals from across the surface of the retina.

A

Horizontal cell

37
Q

__ is the location in the retina containing the cell bodies of the photoreceptors.

A

Outer Nuclear Area

38
Q

__ is a photoreceptor that responds to low levels of
light but not to color.

A

Rod

39
Q

__ is a photoreceptor that operates in bright conditions and responds differentially to color.

A

Cone

40
Q

__ is the portion of a photoreceptor containing photopigments.

A

Outer segment

41
Q

__ is a pigment contained in the photoreceptors of the eye that absorbs light.

A

Scotopic vision

42
Q

__ is the photopigment found in rods.

A

Rhodopsin

43
Q

__ is the ability to perceive visual stimuli under bright light conditions due to the activity of cones.

A

Photopic vision

44
Q

__ is the process of translating a physical stimulus into neural signals.

A

Transduction

45
Q

__ is a protein found in photopigments.

A

Opsin

46
Q

__ is a chemical contained in rhodopsin that interacts with absorbed light.

A

Retinal

47
Q

__ is the form taken by retinal while i is bound to opsin in the absence of light.

A

11-cis

48
Q

__ is the form taken by retinal after light is absorbed by the rod outer segment.

A

All-trans

49
Q

__ is the steady depolarization maintained by photoreceptors when no light is present.

A

Dark Current

50
Q

__ is a second messenger within photoreceptor that is responsible for maintaining the dark current by opening sodium channels.

A

cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)

51
Q

__ is a location on the retina which light affects the activity of a particular visual interneuron.

A

Receptive field

52
Q

__ is a characteristic of visual interneuron receptive fields, in which light illuminating the center has the opposite effect on the cell’s activity as light in the surround.

A

Antagonistic center-surround organization

53
Q

__ is the process in which active cells limit the activity of neighboring, less active cells.

A

Lateral inhibition

54
Q

__ is retinal ganglion cell that is small and responds to high contrast and color.

A

P cell

55
Q

__ is large ganglion cell that responds to all wavelengths regardless of color, subtle differences in contrast, and stimuli that come and go rapidly.

A

M cell

56
Q

__ is a small percentage of ganglion cells that do not fit the criteria for P or M cells exactly and respond to blue and yellow light.

A

K cells

57
Q

__ is the area the base of the brain where the optic nerves cross to form the optic tracts; the location of a partial decussation of the optic nerves in humans.

A

optic chiasm

58
Q

__ is the fiber pathways between the optic chiasm and destinations in the forebrain and brainstem.

A

Optic tracts

59
Q

__ is a structure in the tectum of the midbrain that guides movements of the eyes and head toward newly detected objects in the visual field.

A

Superior colliculus

60
Q

__ is the nucleus within the thalamus that receives input from the optic tracts.

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus

61
Q

__ is the two ventral layers of the LGN that receive input from M cells in the ganglion layer of the retina.

A

Magnocellular layers

62
Q

__ is the four dorsal layers of the LGN that receive input from P cells in the ganglion layer of the retina.

A

Parvocellular layers

63
Q

__ are layers of very small neurons between the larger six layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus that receive input from K cells in the ganglion layer of the retina.

A

Koniocellular layers

64
Q

__ is the location in the occipital lobe for the initial cortical analysis of visual input. Also known as striate cortex.

A

Primary Visual Cortext

65
Q

__ is another name for primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe.

A

striate cortex

66
Q

__ is a cell that responds to stimuli in the shape of a bar or edge with a particular slant or orientation in a particular location on the retina.

A

simple cortical cell

67
Q

__ is a cortical interneuron that shows a preferred stimulus size and orientation but not location within the visual field.

A

complex cortical cell

68
Q

__ is a column of cortex perpendicular to the cortical surface that responds to input from either the right or left eye, but not to both.

A

ocular dominance column

69
Q

__ is a column of primary visual cortex that responds to lines of a single angle.

A

Orientation column

70
Q

__ a complete set of orientation columns.

A

hypercolumn

71
Q

__ is an area of primary visual cortex rich in the enzyme cytochrome oxidase that responds to color.

A

Cytochrome oxidase blob

72
Q

__ is a unit of primary visual cortex containing two sets of ocular dominance columns, 16 blobs, and two hypercolumns.

A

Cortical module

73
Q

__ is a pathway leading from the primary visual cortex in a dorsal direction thought to participate in the perception of movement.

A

Dorsal stream

74
Q

__ is a pathway of information from the primary visual cortex to the inferior temporal lobe that is believed to process object recognition.

A

Ventral stream

75
Q

__ is an area in the medial temporal lobe believed to participate in motion analysis.

A

Area MT

76
Q

__ is an area in the medial superior temporal lobe believed to participate in large-scale motion analysis.

A

Area MST

77
Q

__ is an area in the inferior temporal lobe believed to participate in object recognition.

A

__ is an area in the inferior temporal lobe believed to participate in the recognition of familiar faces, especially in the right hemisphere.

Biological Psychology (5 decks)

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