Brain and spinal cord

Question 1

What are the main components of the CNS

Answer 1

neuron cell bodies, myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers, glial cells

Question 2

part of the CNS that contains most of the neuron cell bodies, “thinking” part of the CNS

Answer 2

gray matter

Question 3

part of the CNS that contains most of the myelinated nerve fibers, the “wiring” that connects various components of the brain, makes up a network of some 100,000 miles of nerve fibers

Answer 3

white matter

Question 4

four sections of the brain

Answer 4

cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brainstem

Question 5

made up of gray matter in the outer most, superficial layer and white matter beneath

Answer 5

cerebrum

Question 6

the outer most, superficial layer of the brain

Answer 6

cerebral cortex

Question 7

a set of fibers that connects the two halves of the cerebral cortex

Answer 7

corpus callosium

Question 8

largest part of the brain, responsible for those functions most commonly associated with higher order behaviors - learning, reasoning, intelligence

receives and interprets sensory info, initiates conscious (voluntary) nerve impulses

Answer 8

cerebrum

Question 9

wrinkled appearance of the cerebrum is made up of folds called

Answer 9

gyri (gyrus plural)

Question 10

deep grooves that separate the gyri

Answer 10

fissures

Question 11

more shallow grooves that separate the gyri

Answer 11

sulci (sulcus plural)

Question 12

most prominent groove in the cerebrum, divides into right and left hemispheres

Answer 12

longitudinal fissure

Question 13

each cerebral hemisphere is divided by sulci into

Answer 13

lobes

Question 14

different lobes of the cerebral hemispheres specialize in

Answer 14

certain functions

Question 15

located just caudal to the cerebrum, second largest component of the brain, also has wrinkly surface, gray matter cortex with white matter beneath it

allows the body to have coordinated movement, balance, posture, and complex reflexes

Answer 15

cerebellum

Question 16

damage or disease involving the cerebellum, a condition in which voluntary movements become jerky and exaggerated

Answer 16

hypermetria

Question 17

cats with distemper have what kind of cerebellum damage

Answer 17

hypermetria

Question 18

serves as a nervous system passageway between the primitive brainstem and the cerebrum, common name “between brain”

Answer 18

diencephalon

Question 19

three major structures in the diencephalon

Answer 19

thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary

Question 20

acts as a relay station for regulating sensory inputs to the cerebrum

Answer 20

thalamus

Question 21

an interface between the nervous system and the endocrine system

Answer 21

hypothalamus

Question 22

the endocrine “master gland” that regulates production and release of hormones through the body

Answer 22

pituitary

Question 23

also plays major roles in temperature regulation, hunger, thirst and components of rage and anger responses

Answer 23

hypothalamus

Question 24

the connection between the rest of the brain and the spinal cord

maintains basic support functions of the body, operates at the subconscious level

heavily involved in autonomic control functions related to the heart, respirations, blood vessel diameter, swallowing and vomiting

Answer 24

brainstem

Question 25

the most primitive part of the brain and is composed of what there parts

Answer 25

medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain

Question 26

many of the cranial nerves originate here and damage almost always results in rapid death so it is well protected by the skull

Answer 26

brainstem

Question 27

set of connective tissue layers that surround the brain and spinal cord

Answer 27

meninges

Question 28

three layers of the meninges

Answer 28

dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

Question 29

tough, fibrous layer of meninges

Answer 29

dura mater

Question 30

delicate, spider web like layer of meninges

Answer 30

arachnoid

Question 31

very thin layer of meninges

Answer 31

pia mater

Question 32

supply nutrients and oxygen to the superficial tissues of the brain fluid, fat and tissue between provide cushioning and distribution of nutrients for the CNS

Answer 32

meninges

Question 33

inflammation of the meninges from viral or bacterial infection

Answer 33

menigitus

Question 34

fluid that bathes the brain and spinal cord, protects from the hard inner surfaces of the skull and spinal column circulates between layers of the meninges and through cavities inside the brain and the spinal cord may be involved in the regulation of certain autonomic functions like respiration and vomiting

Answer 34

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 35

if the pH of the CSF becomes more acid, what happens

Answer 35

the respiratory center in the brainstem will increase respiratory rate

Question 36

taking a sample of CSF to diagnose certain nervous system or cancers to examine for certain cells or for specific changes in composition

Answer 36

CSF tap

Question 37

functional barrier separating the capillaries in the brain from the nervous tissue made of glial cells

Answer 37

blood - brain barrier

Question 38

the cells that make up the capillary walls in the brain are aligned tightly together and do not have what openings

Answer 38

fenestrations

Question 39

prevents many drugs, proteins, ions and other molecules from readily passing to the brain

Answer 39

blood - brain barrier

Question 40

anesthetic is injected into the space between the dura mater and the surrounding bone, without anesthetizing the brain

Answer 40

epidural

Question 41

special set of 12 nerve pairs in the peripheral nervous system that originate directly from the brain may contain motor neurons, sensory neurons or a combo of both

Answer 41

cranial nerves

Question 42

caudal continuation of the brainstem outside the skull that continues down the bony spinal canal formed by the vertebrae conducts sensory info and motor instructions between the brain and the periphery of the body

Answer 42

spinal cord

Question 43

a considerable amount of processing and modification of nerve impulses between the brain and the peripheral nerves takes place here - this is why it's important to remember when we are trying to prevent or treat severe pain

Answer 43

spinal cord

Question 44

gray matter of the spinal cord is located here

Answer 44

medulla (inner part)

Question 45

in the spinal cord, takes the shape of a butterfly

Answer 45

medulla (inner part)

Question 46

contains CSF in the spinal cord

Answer 46

central canal

Question 47

white matter of the spinal cord is located here, surrounds the gray matter

Answer 47

cortex (outer part)

Question 48

this part of the spinal cord contains many neuron cell bodies

Answer 48

gray matter

Question 49

this part of the spinal cord contains myelinated nerve fibers

Answer 49

white matter

Question 50

what links the spinal cord to the peripheral nerves

Answer 50

dorsal and ventral roots

Question 51

dorsal ventral roots contain what kind of fibers

Answer 51

sensory (afferent) fibers

Question 52

ventral nerve roots contain what kind of fibers

Answer 52

motor (efferent) fibers

Question 53

sensory info comes into the spinal cord by which roots

Answer 53

dorsal nerve roots

Question 54

motor instructions go out to the body by which roots

Answer 54

ventral nerve roots

Question 55

this part of the spinal cord gray matter has neurons that process and carry sensory (afferent) nerve impulses to the brain or other parts of the spinal cord

Answer 55

dorsal horns

Question 56

this part of the spinal cord gray matter has neurons that process and carry motor (efferent) nerve impulses to spinal nerves

Answer 56

ventral horns