Brain Basics Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
Forebrain is composed of what 2 structures?
A
Cerebral cortex and limbo system
2
Q
Proencephalon belongs to what structure
A
Forebrain
3
Q
Proencephalon develops into what
A
Telencephalon and diencephalon
4
Q
Telencephalon is also known as what
A
Cerebrum - left and right hemispheres “seat of consciousness”
5
Q
Diancephalon contains the
A
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Subthalamus
Epithalamus
6
Q
Mesencephalon develops into the
A
Corpora quadrigemina
Tegmentum
Cerebral peduncles
7
Q
Metencephalon develops into the
A
Pond and cerebellum
8
Q
Hindbrain contains the
A
Pons
Medulla
Cerebellum (“unconscious brain”)
9
Q
The developing spinal cord named…
A
Myelencephalon
10
Q
Hindbrain is comprised of
A
Metencephalon
Myelencephelon
11
Q
Midbrain comprised of
A
Metencephalon
12
Q
Forebrain comprised of
A
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
13
Q
Cerebrum (telencephalon) comprised of
A
Gray matter; cerebrum and basal ganglia
14
Q
thickness of the gray matter in the cerebral cortex
A
1-4mm
15
Q
gray matter is comprised of what
A
cell bodies and dendrites
16
Q
protrustions
A
gyri
17
Q
small indentations
A
sulci
18
Q
big indentations
A
fissure
19
Q
left and right hemispheres are connected by
A
corpus callosum (white matter)
20
Q
left and right hemispheres seperated by
A
longitudinal fissure
21
Q
large area of myelinated fibers communicating the senosry and motor information from the cerebrum and other areas like one hemisphere to another
A
corpus collossum
22
Q
what is the largest white matter structure in the human brain
A
corpus collossum; 200-250 million axons
23
Q
crease that seperates the right and left hemispheres
A
longitudinal fissure
24
Q
right hemisphere is associated with what
A
creativity
25
left hemisphere is associated with what
logic and reasoning
26
where is the site of most of the somatic adn vegative functions
telencephalon
27
cerebral hemispheres have four main regions, what are they
frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
28
what structure is crucial to functions with singlesided task neurons
corpos callosum
29
what are the common side effects of post corpus callosotomy?
initial aphasia and paralysis
30
waht portion is associatd with higher cognitive functions, goal oriented behavior, short term memory recall, memory storage and elaboration of thoughts, and inhibition from limbic area
prefrontal lobe
31
what contains the motor and prefrontal cortices
frontal lobe
32
what area of the frontal lobe is associated with motor movement programming and basal ganglia cell bodies (extrapyramidal system)
premotor area of the frontal lobe
33
area of primary voluntary motor movement
precentral gyrus
34
referred to as the 'little man' and maps the cortex stimulation with sensory or motor.
homonculus
35
located between the central sulcus and occipital lobe
parietal lobe
36
which lobe is associated with sensorimotor integration
parietal lobe
37
lobe that contains the primary somatosensory cortex for touch and pressure, and spatial orientation
parietal lobe
38
lobe that is in the posterior cortex
occipital lobe
39
contains the primary and visual cortex
occipital lobe
40
main target for axons from the thalamic nuclei
occipital lobe
41
this lobe is bordered by the lateral fissure (sylvian fissure, lateral sulcus)
temporal lobe
42
this lobe processes information from the ears and vestibular organs, and is also involved in memory, vision, and language
temporal lobe
43
this area is responsible for producing coherent speech
brocas area
44
where is brocas area predominantly found
frontal lobe of dominant hemisphere (usually left)
45
this area helps with speech processing and understanding language
wernickes area
46
wernickes area usually found here
posterior superior temporal gyrus (usualy left)
47
if there is impaired comprehension of written or spoken words, but no disability regarding speech
wernickes area damage
48
speech impairment but no language comprehension disability
brocas area
49
this lobe is located deep in teh lateral sulcus betweent he teporal and frontal lobe
insula (insular cortex)
50
this lobe is involved in consciousness, emotion, and homeostasis
insula
51
this lobe is also involved in perception, awareness, cognitive functioning, motor control, self awareness, and psychopathology
insula
52
diencephalon is composed of what parts?
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
53
part of the diencephalon that is responsible for the relay of sensory input
thalamus
54
part of the diencephalon responsible for body temp and metabolism
hypothalamus
55
part of the diencephalon that is responsible for creating brain and spinal fluid
epithalamus
56
where is the limbic system located
around the brain stem and beneath the cerebral cortex
57
the center for learning, memory, and emotion formation
limbic system
58
responsible for expression of affect, reward and punishment function
limbic system
59
components of the limbic system
cingulate gyrus
parahippocampal gyrus
denate gyrus
amygdala
60
responsible for the regulating overall affect, assigning emotions to internal and external stimuli, and making vocalizations assocaited with expressions of states and desires
cingulate gyrus
61
responsible for recall of memories that have emotional quality (smell association)
cingulate gyrus
62
involved in declarative memory storage and formation
hippocampus
63
responsible for complex cognitive processing
hippocampus
64
NOT resposible for memory processes like walking
hippocampus
65
involved in desire for exploration, new memory formation and habit formation, new skill learning
dentate gyrus
66
involved in decision making; formation adn perception of complex motional responses, especially survival instincts, controlling of aggression and motivation
amygdala
67
true or false; limbic system and structures are connected with the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and basal ganglia
true
68
consolidates memory through reverberating circuit
papez circuit
69
extension or modification of olfactory system; primitive behavrioral responses, visceral reactions to emotion, feeding behaviors, biologic rhythms, sense of smell
limbic system
70
diencephalon comprised of four structures
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
subthalamus
71
relay point or switching center for incoming nervous system messages except for the OLFACTION
thalamus
72
receives information for sensory and motor functions
thalamus
73
order of sensory input to thalamus
peripheral nerves -> spinal cord -> brain stem -> thalamus -> cortex
74
involved in homeostatsis, emotion, thirst, hunger, circadian rhythm, control of ANS, blood pressure, and control of pituitary gland; heavily linked to endocrine and neurologic systems
hypothalamus
75
connections with the nerve pathways in the rest of the diencephalon, connects to the red nucleus (midbrain) and involved in movement, especially in the upper arms and shoulders.
subthalamus
76
receives input from the substantia nigra (midbrain), eye movement, motor planning, reward seeking, learning, addiction
subthalamus
77
the destruction of this area is highly involved in Parkinsons disease
subthalamus
78
nerve fibers connect the limbic system to other parts of the brain and the basal ganglia
epithalamus
79
contains the pineal gland, secretes melatonin, and responsible for circadian rhythms and regulates motor pathways
epithalamus
80
group of neurons below the cerebral cortex, very near the thalamus
basal ganglia
81
responsibility of the basal ganglia
voluntary motor function
planned, directed movement
some cognitive functions
82
sends messages to frontal lobe to alert you something is not right
caudate
83
controls the repetitious coordinated movements (riding bike, assembly line function, driving car....no upper-level thinking).
putamen
84
takes info from caudate and putamen and sends to substantia nigra to decipher
globus pallidus
85
receives higher level thinking info and sends back to globus pallidus
nucleus accumbens
86
pituitary is located where
sella turcica
87
pituitary is connected to ____ to _____
hypothalamus to pituitary stalk
88
anterior pituitary is also known as this and responsible for producing what
adenohypophysis; many major endocrine hormones (80%)
89
posterior pituitary is also known as this and responsibelf ro what
neurohypophysis; produced int eh hypothalamus and transported to the nerve fibers to posterior pituitary - ADH and OXYTOCIN
90
smallest region of the brain, helps to convey vision and hearing info
midbrain (mesencephalon)
91
midbrain composed of
corpora quadrigemina (tectum)
tegmentum
cerebral peduncles
92
cerebral aqueduct and nuclei and tracts of CIII and CIV
midbrain
93
sensory and control reflexes of eyes and ears composed of four solid lobes
corpora quadrigemina (tectum)
94
involved in saccadic eye motor movements (tracking ability) towards visual stimulus
superior colliculus
95
involved in head, neck, eye, and trunk reflexive movements to auditory stimulus
inferior colliculus
96
composed of the red nucleus and substantia nigra
tegmentum
97
major motor output influenced by cerebellum; crawling, arm swinging in walking
red nucleus
98
dopamine synthesis
substantia nigra
99
dysfunction here results in parkinsons
substantia nigra
100
structure formed by the large ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) nerve tracts, coming from the cerebrum and pons
cerebral peduncles
101
created by nerve fibers from cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord. tracts include the corticospinal tract and the corticobulbar tract. Motor information transferred to and from the body and brain
midbrain
102
smallest end of the brain, responsible for the most primitive functions
brainstem
103
connects cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. composed of parts of the midbrain and the hindbrain.
brainstem
104
brainstem composed of
pons
medulla oblongata
midbrain
diencephalon
105
hindbrain components
cerebellum
medulla oblongata
pons
RAS
106
closest to the spinal cord, involved in control of breathing, HR regulation, vasoconstriction, and contains the vomiting center, reflex center for sneezing, coughing and hiccuping
medulla
107
motor control and sensory analysis, vital function for consciousess and sleep; also involved in respiratory function
pons
108
sets pace for normal quiet breathing, sends stimulatory signals to the diaphragm and external intercostals
VRG (medulla)
109
inactive during quiet breathing, stimulates forced air expiration when forced breathing required
DRG (medulla)
110
contains the pneumotaxic center and apneustic center
pons
111
decreases depth and duration of breathing, prevents overdistension of the lungs
pneumotaxic center
112
increases depth and duration of breath, turns DRG off
apneustic center
113
part of the hindbrain, but not considered part of the brain stem; regulation and coordination of fine motor movement, posture, and balance; relays information from cerebral hemispheres to limbic system for integration
cerebellum
114
network of nuclei within the brain stem that regulates vital reflexes
reticular formation
115
nuclei in the brain stem reticular formation PLUS fibers that conduct to nuclei from below AND fibers that conduct to cerebral cortex. Essential for consciousness
RAS
116
damage here results in coma
RAS
