Brain cell biology

Question 1

list the four known types of adenosine receptors

Answer 1

A1, A2A, A2B, A3

Question 2

another name for adenosine receptors

Answer 2

P1 receptors

Question 3

the two common adenosine receptor antagonists

Answer 3

caffeine and theophylline

Question 4

BDNF

Answer 4

Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor

Question 5

Animals chronically exposed to drugs of abuse show increased levels of ______ in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the brain

Answer 5

BDNF

Question 6

what happens when BDNF is injected directly into the VTA of rats?

Answer 6

the animals act as if they are addicted to and psychologically dependent upon opiates

Question 7

what is the receptor to BDNF?

Answer 7

TrKB

Question 8

TrKB

Answer 8

tropomyosin receptor kinase B

Question 9

atrophy of what has been shown to take place in humans suffering from chronic depression?

Answer 9

the hippocampus and other structures

Question 10

exposure to _______ has been shown to decrease the expression of BDNF in rats?

Answer 10

stress and the stress hormone corticosterone

Question 11

what happens if exposure to stress and the hormone corticosterone is persistent in rats?

Answer 11

an atrophy of the hippocampus

Question 12

studies suggest neurotrophic factors have a protective role against

Answer 12

amyloid beta toxicity

Question 13

what happens when rats are bred to be heterozygous for BDNF?

Answer 13

BDNF expression is reduced, and hippocampal atrophy ensues

Question 14

the heterozygous breeding of rats decreasing hippocampal volume is indicative of what?

Answer 14

an etiological link between the development of depression and BDNF

Question 15

what else supports the existence of an etiological link between depression and BDNF?

Answer 15

the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, voluntary exercise,[80] caloric restriction, intellectual stimulation, and various treatments for depression (such as antidepressants[81] and electroconvulsive therapy[82]) increase expression of BDNF in the brain

Question 16

what gene is the BNDF protein encoded by?

Answer 16

the BDNF gene

Question 17

where is the BDNF gene found?

Answer 17

chromosone 11

Question 18

Activation of Dopamine receptor D5 promotes expression of BDNF where?

Answer 18

in prefrontal cortex neurons

Question 19

the d5 receptor is a ____ of the dopamine receptor

Answer 19

subtype

Question 20

how much more affinity for dopamine does D5 have than the D1 subtype?

Answer 20

10x

Question 21

what type of receptor is the D5 receptor

Answer 21

a G-protein coupled receptor

Question 22

Activation of D5 receptors is shown to what?

Answer 22

promote expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and increase phosphorylation of protein kinase B in rat and mice prefrontal cortex neurons

Question 23

D5 receptor is highly homologous to the

Answer 23

D1 receptor

Question 24

How identical are the D5 and D1 receptors?

Answer 24

Between 49 to 80% identical

Question 25

what is the exact location the D5 receptor is encoded on?

Answer 25

chromosome 4p15.1–p15.3

Question 26

interneurons

Answer 26

neurons that connect two brain regions, i.e. not direct motor neurons or sensory neurons