brain development

Question 1

embryonic disk

Answer 1

The layers of a developing human embryo

Question 2

Brain divisions that develop from the neural
tube

Answer 2

Forebrain
* Cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus
Midbrain
* Tectum, tegmentum, periaqueductal gray
Hindbrain
* Cerebellum, pons, medulla

Question 3

Interior of neural tube

Answer 3

Ventricles, central canal of spinal cord

Question 4

how do you make new neurons?

Answer 4

Neurogenesis
Cell migration
Cell differentiation

Question 5

Neurogenesis

Answer 5

The production of new neurons through mitosis

Question 6

Cell migration

Answer 6

Movement of nerve cells or their precursors to establish distinct brain regions

Question 7

Cell differentiation

Answer 7

Cells develop into distinctive
types of neurons or glial cells

Question 8

Synaptogenesis

Answer 8

The creation of new
synaptic connections

Question 9

Stem cells

Answer 9

Undifferentiated cells found in embryonic tissues

Question 10

Neuronal cell death

Answer 10

The selective death of nerve cells
* Begins before birth
* Apoptosis

Question 11

What keeps neurons alive?

Answer 11

Synaptic connections & Neurotrophic factors: feeds neurons and helps them survive.

Question 12

Synaptic rearrangement

Answer 12

The loss and refinement of
synaptic connections throughout life

Question 13

Why are synapses pruned?

Answer 13

too many connections is associated with intellectual disability
Too many connections clogs the system up.

Question 14

Sensitive Period

Answer 14

Period during development in which an organism is especially susceptible to treatments or experiences

Question 15

what can binocular deprivation can lead to

Answer 15

permanent visual system changes

Question 16

Experience-expectant development

Answer 16

The brain is wired to expect certain experiences (like seeing, hearing, or touch) at specific times for normal development.

Question 17

Experience-dependent development

Answer 17

The brain forms unique connections based on individual experiences, leading to differences in learning and skills.

Question 18

Genotype

Answer 18

all of a person’s genetic material

Question 19

Phenotype

Answer 19

the observable characteristics

Question 20

Epigenetics

Answer 20

the study of how genes can be turned on or off without changing the actual DNA sequence

Question 21

Methylation

Answer 21

chemical modification to DNA that does not affect the nucleotide sequence of a gene but makes it less likely to be expressed

Question 22

Fluid Abilities

Answer 22

basic processing abilities, such as working memory, processing speed, and discovering patterns and making inferences

Question 23

Crystallized Abilities

Answer 23

accumulated knowledge acquired through experiences and learning

Question 24

Dementia

Answer 24

progressive deterioration in mental abilities due to changes in the brain that influence higher cortical functions

Question 25

what does dementia affect?

Answer 25

thinking, memory, comprehension, emotional control, impaired behavior, ability to engage in every day activities

Question 26

Alzheimer’s Disease

Answer 26

Neurodegenerative disorder that progresses from general decline to including personality and behavioral changes, motor complications, and eventually death can last from 1-10 years

Question 27

Amyloid plaques

Answer 27

appear in cortex, hippocampus, limbic system * Build up of substance Beta Amyloid

Question 28

do people with Alzheimer’s lose neurons?

Answer 28

yes, they gradually lose many neurons in the basal forebrain, which makes acetylcholine

Question 29

what are some risk factors?

Answer 29

Gender * Women are at greater risk than men. Age Genetics Same factors that contribute to cardiovascular risk

Question 30

Neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 30

abnormal whorls of neurofilaments that form a tangled array inside the cell

Question 31

what are protective factors?

Answer 31

education & exercise

Question 32

Education

Answer 32

The process of learning promotes neural activity and increases connections among neurons, thickening the cortex and boosting cognitive reserve

Question 33

exercise

Answer 33

Increased hippocampal area of brain Better cognitive functioning overall

Question 34

endoderm

Answer 34

inner layer of the embryonic disk. Makes up the digestive & respiratory systems.

Question 35

mesoderm

Answer 35

Middle layer of the embryonic disk. Makes up the muscles, skeleton, & circulatory system.

Question 36

ectoderm

Answer 36

The outer layer of the embryonic disk. Makes up the sensory & nervous systems The neural tube to the beginning of the Central Nervous System.